Ch ap t e r 1
The Study o f Grammar: An Overview 3
English: A World Language 3
Three Definitions of Grammar 4
Traditional School Grammar 5
Modern Linguistics 6
Structural Grammar 6
Transformational Grammar 7
The Issue of Correctness 8
Language Variety 10
Language Change 11
Language in the Classroom 12
Key Terms 13
Further Reading 13
p a r t T i
The Grammar o f Basic Sentences 15
Ch ap t e r 2
Words and Phrases 16
Chapter Preview
Key Terms 100
Sentences for Practice 101
Questions for Discussion 102
Classroom Applications 103
PART III
Expanding the Sentence 105
Form and Function 105
Chapt e r 6
Modifiers o f the Verb: Adverbials 108
Chapter Preview 108
The Movable Adverbials 109
Adverbs 109
Prepositional Phrases 112
Nouns and Noun Phrases 114
Verb Phrases 117
Dangling Infinitives 119
Participles as Adverbials 121
Clauses 121
Punctuation of Adverbials 123
Key Terms 125
Sentences for Practice 126
Questions for Discussion 126
Classroom Application 127
Chapt e r 7
Modifiers o f the Noun: Adjectivals 128
Chapter Preview 128
The Determiner 130
Adjectives and Nouns 131
Prenoun Participles 133
Prepositional Phrases 136
Relative Clauses 138
Participial Phrases 143
Passive Participles 146
Movable Participles 147
The Participle as Object Complement 148
Participles as Adverbials or Adjectivals 151
Punctuation of Clauses and Participles 151
Multiple Modifiers 155
Other Postnoun Modifiers 156
Infinitives 156
Noun Phrases 157
Adjectives 157
Adverbs 158
Key Terms 159
Sentences for Practice 159
Questions for Discussion 160
Classroom Applications 162
Chapt e r 8
The Noun Phrase Functions: Nominals 163
Chapter Preview 163
The Nominal Slots 164
Appositives 164
Punctuation of Appositives 165
Noun Phrase Substitutes 166
Gerunds 166
The Pattern of the Gerund 169
The Subject of the Gerund 171
Dangling Gerunds 171
Infinitives 173
The Subject of the Infinitive 175
Nominal Clauses 177
The Expletive That 178
Interrogatives 180
Yes/No Interrogatives 182
Punctuation of Nominal Clauses 183
Nominals as Delayed Subjects 184
Key Terms 185
Sentences for Practice 185
Questions for Discussion 186
Classroom Applications 187
Chapt e r 9
Sentence Modifiers 189
Chapter Preview 189
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Compounding Structures Within Sentences 342
Connecting More Than Two Parts: The Series 343
Separating Prenoun Modifiers 343
Identifying Essential and Nonessential Structures 344
Signaling Sentence Openers 345
Signaling Emphasis 345
Using Apostrophes for Contraction and Possessive Case 346
PART VI
Glossary o f Grammatical Terms 349
Appendix: Sentence Diagramming 366
Answers to the Exercises 371
Index 420
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