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NHS esters were first introduced as reactive ends of homobifunctional crosslinkers (Bragg and Hou, 1975; Lomant and Fairbanks, 1976). Today, the great majority of amine-reactive crosslinking or modification reagents commercially available utilize NHS esters. An NHS ester may be formed by the reaction of a carboxylate with NHS in the presence of a carbodiimide. To prepare stable NHS ester derivatives, the activation reaction must be done in non-aqueous conditions using water-insoluble carbodiimides or condensing agents, such as DCC (Chapter 3, Section 1.4). NHS or sulfo-NHS ester-containing reagents react with nucleophiles with release of the NHS or sulfo-NHS leaving group to form an acylated product (Reaction 4). The reaction of such esters with a sulfhydryl or hydroxyl group does not yield stable conjugates, forming thioesters or ester linkages, respectively. Both of these bonds potentially can hydrolyze in aqueous environments or exchange with neighboring amines to form amide bonds. Histidine 1. Amine Reactions 171side-chain nitrogens of the imidazolyl ring also may be acylated with an NHS ester reagent, but they hydrolyze very rapidly in aqueous environments (Cuatrecasas and Parikh, 1972). Thus, the presence of imidazole in reaction buffers only serves to increase the hydrolysis rate of the active ester. Reaction with primary and secondary amines, however, creates stable amide and imide linkages, respectively, that don ¡¯t readily break down. Thus, in protein molecules, NHS ester crosslinking reagents couple principally with the -amines at the N-terminals and the amines of lysine side chains. (Reaction 4) NHS esters also may be formedin situto react immediately with target molecules in aqueous reaction media. Using the water-soluble carbodiimide EDC (Chapter 3, Section 1.1) a carboxylate-containing molecule can be transformed into an active ester by reaction in the presence of NHS or sulfo-NHS ( N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide) (Chapter 3, Section 1.2). SulfoNHS esters are hydrophilic active groups that couple rapidly with amines on target molecules with the same specificity and reactivity as NHS esters (Staros, 1982). Unlike NHS esters that are relatively water insoluble and must be first dissolved in organic solvent before being added to aqueous solutions, sulfo-NHS esters are relatively water soluble, longer-lived, and hydrolyze more slowly in water. In the presence of amine nucleophiles that can attack at the electrondeficient carbonyl of the active ester, the sulfo-NHS group rapidly leaves, creating a stable amide linkage with the amine compound. Sulfhydryl and hydroxyl groups also will react with such active esters, but the products of such reactions, thioesters and esters, are unstable in aqueous environments or in the presence of amine nucleophiles. NHS esters have a half-life on the order of hours under physiological pH conditions. However, hydrolysis and amine reactivity both increase with increasing pH. At 0¡ãC at pH 7.0, the half-life is typically 4¨C5 hours (Lomant and Fairbanks, 1976). At pH 8.0 at 25¡ãC it falls to 1 hour (Staros, 1988), and at pH 8.6 and 4¡ãC the half-life is only 10 minutes (Cuatrecasas and Parikh, 1972). The rate of hydrolysis may be monitored by measuring the increase in absorptivity at 260 nm as the NHS leaving group is cleaved. The molar extinction coefficient of the NHS group in solution is 8.2 10**3/M-1cm-1in Tris buffer at pH 9.0 (Carlsson et al., 1978), but somewhat decreases to 7.5 10**3/M-1/cm-1in potassium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 (Partiset al., 1983). Unfortunately, the relatively low sensitivity of this absorptivity measurement does not allow for determining the rate of reaction in an actual crosslinking procedure. To maximize the modification of amines and minimize the effects of hydrolysis, maintain a high concentration of protein or other target molecule in the reaction medium. By adjusting the molar ratio of crosslinker to target molecule(s), the level of modification and conjugation may be controlled to create an optimal product. Water-insoluble crosslinkers containing NHS esters may be reacted in organic solvents, eliminating the hydrolysis problem, provided the target molecule is soluble and stable in such environments. For non-aqueous reactions, an organic base (proton acceptor) typically is added, such as triethylamine£¨ÈýÒÒ°·£© or 4-(dimethylamine)pyridine (4-£¨¶þ¼×°±»ù£©ßÁण¬DMAP).¡± From£ºGreg T. Hermanson£¬Bioconjugate Techniques£¬ Elsevier Inc£¬2008£¬2nd Edition£¬ http://muchong.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=6282809 ·ÖÏí¡¶Bioconjugate Techniques¡·2013Äê×îаæ http://muchong.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=6709686 ×¢Òâ½ØÍ¼NHSÉϵÄÔÀ´µÄÓ¢ÎÄ˵Ã÷£¬´óÖ¿ÉÒÔÅжϳöÁ½ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄ»º³åÈÜÒº¶ÔÓÚNHSµÄ´ß»¯Ð§ÂʵÄÓ°ÏìÖ÷Òª»¹ÊǸ÷×ÔµÄÎȶ¨µÄpH»·¾³¡£ ·´Ó¦4.JPG NHS.JPG |
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5Â¥2014-08-12 13:32:17
brigita
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7Â¥2015-11-26 17:17:04
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8Â¥2015-12-17 23:30:45
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