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In contrast to nitrification, the occurrence and impact of
denitrification has received relatively little study and detection
of denitrifying bacteria has rarely been reported in distribution
pipelines (Lee et al., 1980). Generally, denitrifiers are
assumed to be essentially irrelevant to potable water systems,
residing only deep within iron pipe scale (Zhu et al., 2014).
However, one recent study identified denitrifiers at high levels
in a building plumbing system that had problems with taste
and odors, elevated lead, rapid losses in chloramine disinfectant
residuals and higher pH after stagnation (Nguyen
et al., 2012). Baron et al. (2014) also quantified a significant
increase of genera related to denitrification in a hospital water
system following the introduction of on-site monochloramine
disinfection. Denitrification requires nitrate or other oxidized
nitrogen species as an electron acceptor and also generally
thrive under conditions of low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high
levels of organic matter (Knowles, 1982; Zumft, 1997; Baribeau,
2006), although some autotrophic denitrifiers can use H2 as an
electron donor (Knowles, 1982; Koch et al., 2014). Kielemoes
et al. (2000) and Till et al. (1998) demonstrated a relationship
between autotrophic denitrification and accelerated hydrogen
evolution associated with iron corrosion in lab-scale reactors.
This suggests that similar undesirable reactions might occur
in water mains; however, significant denitrification has not
been reported in studies of either simulated or full-scale
potable water main distribution systems.
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