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In contrast to nitrification, the occurrence and impact of denitrification has received relatively little study and detection of denitrifying bacteria has rarely been reported in distribution pipelines (Lee et al., 1980). Generally, denitrifiers are assumed to be essentially irrelevant to potable water systems, residing only deep within iron pipe scale (Zhu et al., 2014). However, one recent study identified denitrifiers at high levels in a building plumbing system that had problems with taste and odors, elevated lead, rapid losses in chloramine disinfectant residuals and higher pH after stagnation (Nguyen et al., 2012). Baron et al. (2014) also quantified a significant increase of genera related to denitrification in a hospital water system following the introduction of on-site monochloramine disinfection. Denitrification requires nitrate or other oxidized nitrogen species as an electron acceptor and also generally thrive under conditions of low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high levels of organic matter (Knowles, 1982; Zumft, 1997; Baribeau, 2006), although some autotrophic denitrifiers can use H2 as an electron donor (Knowles, 1982; Koch et al., 2014). Kielemoes et al. (2000) and Till et al. (1998) demonstrated a relationship between autotrophic denitrification and accelerated hydrogen evolution associated with iron corrosion in lab-scale reactors. This suggests that similar undesirable reactions might occur in water mains; however, significant denitrification has not been reported in studies of either simulated or full-scale potable water main distribution systems. |
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