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The bonded and the short-range (vander Waals) nonbonded interactions between the atoms were modeledusing the Universal Force Field (UFF). In UFF, bond stretching is described by a harmonic term, angle bending by a three-term Fourier cosine expansion, torsions and inversions by cosine-Fourier expansion terms, and the van der Waals interactions by the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential. A cutoff distance of 12 Å was used for the LJ interactions.The long-range, electrostatic, interactions, arising from the presence of partial atomic charges, were modeled using a Coulombic term. The  Ewald sum method was used to compute the electrostatic interactions. Partial atomic charges were derived from the charge equilibration method (QEq) as implemented in Forcite.
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