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Water Desalting Handbook for Planners
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Water Desalting Handbook for Planners 3rd Edition, July 2003 Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 72 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................1 1.1 Background ............................................................................1 1.2 Introduction to Desalination Technologies.......................................................................3 1.3 Desalination Market...............................................................................4 Chapter 2: Desalting Applications ................................................................................7 2.1 Sources of Feed Water ..................................................................................8 2.1.1 Industrial Wastewater .......................................................................8 2.1.2 Municipal Wastewater .....................................................................8 2.1.3 Brackish Ground Water ....................................................................9 2.1.4 Brackish Surface Water ....................................................................9 2.1.5 Seawater .................................................................................10 2.2 Desalting for Water Supply ............................................................................................10 2.2.1 Supplemental Public Supplies in the U.S. ..........................................................10 2.2.2 Alternative to Reservoir Development ...............................................................13 2.2.3 Alternative to Long-Distance Water Transfer ....................................................13 2.2.4 Industrial Applications............................................................13 2.3 Case Histories .................................................................................15 2.3.1 Brackish Water Desalting using Reverse Osmosis.............................................15 2.3.2 Seawater Desalting using Reverse Osmosis .......................................................17 2.3.3 Wastewater Reclamation using Reverse Osmosis ..............................................19 2.3.4 Seawater Desalting using Multi-Stage Flash ......................................................22 Chapter 3: Water Chemistry ........................................................................27 3.1 Basic Water Chemistry .........................................................................27 3.1.1 Water Cycles and Constituents ...........................................................................27 3.1.2 Basic Chemical Terms ........................................................................................28 3.1.3 Chemical Formulas and Compounds..................................................................28 3.1.3.1 Valences...............................................................28 3.1.3.2 Ions...............................................................................29 3.1.4 Salts as Compounds ..............................................................30 3.1.5 Constituents in Water..........................................................................................31 3.1.6 Measurements for Water Samples ......................................................................33 3.1.6.1 Measuring pH.......................................................................................33 3.1.6.2 Measuring Conductivity.......................................................................34 3.2 Types of Water and Treatments......................................................................................36 3.2.1 Fresh Water.........................................................................36 3.2.2 Brackish Water................................................................36 3.2.3 Seawater ....................................................................................38 3.3 Water nalyses .............................................................................38 Chapter 4: Desalting Processes........................................................................43 4.1 Desalting Plant Processes ...........................................................43 4.2 Distillation Process Fundamentals..................................................................................45 4.3 Characteristics of Distillation Processes.........................................................................46 4.4 Multiple Effect Distillation Process................................................................................50 4.5 Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Distillation .............................................................................61 4.6 Vapor Compression ..............................................................................69 4.7 Comparing Distillation with Other Desalting Processes ................................................73 4.8 Electrodialysis ..............................................................................73 4.9 Comparing ED/EDR with Other Desalting Processes ....................................................84 4.10 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration ..............................................................................85 4.11 Comparing RO and NF with Other Desalting Processes ..............................................102 Chapter 5: Pretreatment ...............................................................................105 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................105 5.2 Distillation Processes...............................................................105 5.3 Membrane Processes........................................................................108 Chapter 6: Post-Treatment .......................................................................123 6.1 Introduction ...............................................................................123 6.2 Stabilization .............................................................................124 6.3 Blending Stabilization..............................................................127 6.4 Dissolved Gas Stripping .................................................................128 6.5 Disinfection ..........................................................................129 7.1 Introduction .............................................................................135 7.2 Product Water Quality ....................................................................135 7.3 Feed Water Source Characteristics ..............................................138 7.4 Heat and Electrical Energy ...........................................................141 7.5 Environmental Constraints for Site Selection...............................................................146 7.6 Factors Influencing Site Location.................................................................................148 7.7 Relative Desalting Process Costs..................................................................................155 7.8 Optimizing Capital and Operating Costs for Distillation Processes.............................162 7.9 Optimizing Costs for Electrodialysis Reversal.............................................................163 7.10 Optimizing Capital and Operating Costs for Reverse Osmosis....................................164 Chapter 8: Environmental Considerations ............................................................................169 8.1 Introduction .........................................................................169 8.2 Concentrate Disposal Option ........................................................................................170 8.3 Federal Legislation in the U.S. .....................................................................................174 8.4 State Requirements ..............................................................................182 8.5 Environmental Obligation Assessment.........................................................................184 Chapter 9: Cost Estimating Procedures .................................................................................187 9.1 Background Information for Cost Estimate..................................................................188 9.2 Capital Cost ......................................................................................189 9.3 Detailed Cost Estimates ......................................................................190 Appendices A Reclamation’s Desalting Program B Water Desalination Act of 1996 C ASTM Standards Applicable to Membrane Systems D Worked Examples E Glossary F Common Conversions [ Last edited by dyfkkk on 2007-12-21 at 09:54 ] |
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