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[资源] Water Desalting Handbook for Planners

Water Desalting Handbook for Planners

3rd Edition, July 2003
Desalination and Water Purification
Research and Development Program
Report No. 72

Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................1
1.1 Background ............................................................................1
1.2 Introduction to Desalination Technologies.......................................................................3
1.3 Desalination Market...............................................................................4
Chapter 2: Desalting Applications ................................................................................7
2.1 Sources of Feed Water ..................................................................................8
2.1.1 Industrial Wastewater .......................................................................8
2.1.2 Municipal Wastewater .....................................................................8
2.1.3 Brackish Ground Water ....................................................................9
2.1.4 Brackish Surface Water ....................................................................9
2.1.5 Seawater .................................................................................10
2.2 Desalting for Water Supply ............................................................................................10
2.2.1 Supplemental Public Supplies in the U.S. ..........................................................10
2.2.2 Alternative to Reservoir Development ...............................................................13
2.2.3 Alternative to Long-Distance Water Transfer ....................................................13
2.2.4 Industrial Applications............................................................13
2.3 Case Histories .................................................................................15
2.3.1 Brackish Water Desalting using Reverse Osmosis.............................................15
2.3.2 Seawater Desalting using Reverse Osmosis .......................................................17
2.3.3 Wastewater Reclamation using Reverse Osmosis ..............................................19
2.3.4 Seawater Desalting using Multi-Stage Flash ......................................................22
Chapter 3: Water Chemistry ........................................................................27
3.1 Basic Water Chemistry .........................................................................27
3.1.1 Water Cycles and Constituents ...........................................................................27
3.1.2 Basic Chemical Terms ........................................................................................28
3.1.3 Chemical Formulas and Compounds..................................................................28
3.1.3.1 Valences...............................................................28
3.1.3.2 Ions...............................................................................29
3.1.4 Salts as Compounds ..............................................................30
3.1.5 Constituents in Water..........................................................................................31
3.1.6 Measurements for Water Samples ......................................................................33
3.1.6.1 Measuring pH.......................................................................................33
3.1.6.2 Measuring Conductivity.......................................................................34
3.2 Types of Water and Treatments......................................................................................36
3.2.1 Fresh Water.........................................................................36
3.2.2 Brackish Water................................................................36
3.2.3 Seawater ....................................................................................38
3.3 Water nalyses .............................................................................38
Chapter 4: Desalting Processes........................................................................43
4.1 Desalting Plant Processes ...........................................................43
4.2 Distillation Process Fundamentals..................................................................................45
4.3 Characteristics of Distillation Processes.........................................................................46
4.4 Multiple Effect Distillation Process................................................................................50
4.5 Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Distillation .............................................................................61
4.6 Vapor Compression ..............................................................................69
4.7 Comparing Distillation with Other Desalting Processes ................................................73
4.8 Electrodialysis ..............................................................................73
4.9 Comparing ED/EDR with Other Desalting Processes ....................................................84
4.10 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration ..............................................................................85
4.11 Comparing RO and NF with Other Desalting Processes ..............................................102
Chapter 5: Pretreatment ...............................................................................105
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................105
5.2 Distillation Processes...............................................................105
5.3 Membrane Processes........................................................................108
Chapter 6: Post-Treatment .......................................................................123
6.1 Introduction ...............................................................................123
6.2 Stabilization .............................................................................124
6.3 Blending Stabilization..............................................................127
6.4 Dissolved Gas Stripping .................................................................128
6.5 Disinfection ..........................................................................129
7.1 Introduction .............................................................................135
7.2 Product Water Quality ....................................................................135
7.3 Feed Water Source Characteristics ..............................................138
7.4 Heat and Electrical Energy ...........................................................141
7.5 Environmental Constraints for Site Selection...............................................................146
7.6 Factors Influencing Site Location.................................................................................148
7.7 Relative Desalting Process Costs..................................................................................155
7.8 Optimizing Capital and Operating Costs for Distillation Processes.............................162
7.9 Optimizing Costs for Electrodialysis Reversal.............................................................163
7.10 Optimizing Capital and Operating Costs for Reverse Osmosis....................................164
Chapter 8: Environmental Considerations ............................................................................169
8.1 Introduction .........................................................................169
8.2 Concentrate Disposal Option ........................................................................................170
8.3 Federal Legislation in the U.S. .....................................................................................174
8.4 State Requirements ..............................................................................182
8.5 Environmental Obligation Assessment.........................................................................184
Chapter 9: Cost Estimating Procedures .................................................................................187
9.1 Background Information for Cost Estimate..................................................................188
9.2 Capital Cost ......................................................................................189
9.3 Detailed Cost Estimates ......................................................................190

Appendices
A Reclamation’s Desalting Program
B Water Desalination Act of 1996
C ASTM Standards Applicable to Membrane Systems
D Worked Examples
E Glossary
F Common Conversions

[ Last edited by dyfkkk on 2007-12-21 at 09:54 ]

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