版块导航: 正在加载中...

登录注册

应《网络安全法》要求，自2017年10月1日起，未进行实名认证将不得使用互联网跟帖服务。为保障您的帐号能够正常使用，请尽快对帐号进行手机号验证，感谢您的理解与支持！

24小时热门版块排行榜

返回列表

【奖励】本帖被评价18次，作者pkusiyuan增加金币 13.8 个

pkusiyuan

银虫 (正式写手)

应助: 0 (幼儿园)
金币: 15204.9
帖子: 773
在线: 130小时
虫号: 3451204

[资源] Cambridge2010Gasoline, Diesel and Ethanol Biofuels from Grasses and Plants

Preface page xiii
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Energy 1
1.2 Petroleum 3
1.2.1 History of Petroleum Exploration 4
1.2.2 Petroleum Refining and Shipping 5
1.2.3 Classification of Oils 7
1.2.4 Petroleum Reserves and Crude Oil Production 9
1.2.5 Crude Oil Pricing 11
1.3 Natural Gas 12
1.3.1 Methane from Gas Hydrates 15
1.4 Coal 15
1.5 Biofuels 16
1.5.1 Ethanol 17
1.5.2 Methanol 18
1.5.3 Butanol 19
1.5.4 Biogas 20
1.5.5 Hydrogen 20
1.5.6 Biodiesel 22
1.5.7 Bio-Oil 22
1.5.8 Diesel from Fisher–Tropsch Technology 22
1.5.9 Biocrude 23
1.5.10 Biochar 24
1.6 Summary 24
2. Air Pollution and Global Warming from the Use of Fossil Fuels . . . . . 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Air Pollution 25
2.2.1 Nitrogen Oxides 27
2.2.2 Sulfur Dioxide 27
v
vi Contents
2.2.3 Fine Particles 27
2.2.4 Mercury 28
2.2.5 Lead 29
2.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 30
2.4 Greenhouse Effect 33
2.5 Global Warming 36
2.5.1 Argument against Global Warming 38
2.6 Kyoto Protocol 38
2.7 Carbon Credits 39
2.8 Carbon Sequestration 39
2.9 Summary 40
3. Renewable Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Biomass 42
3.3 Hydropower 46
3.4 Geothermal 47
3.5 Wind 49
3.6 Solar 50
3.7 Ocean Energy 52
3.8 Biogas 53
3.9 Summary 54
4. Biomass Availability in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.1 Introduction 56
4.2 Biomass Definition 56
4.3 Biomass Sources 58
4.3.1 Solid Wastes 58
4.3.2 Agriculture Residue 59
4.3.2.1 Cereal Straw 59
4.3.2.2 Corn Stover 60
4.3.2.3 Rice Husk 60
4.3.2.4 Bagasse 60
4.3.3 Energy Crops 61
4.3.4 Pulp and Paper Industry Waste 64
4.3.5 Wood and Forest Waste 65
4.3.6 Algae 66
4.4 World Potential to Product Biomass 67
4.5 Biomass Characterization 67
4.5.1 Moisture Content 69
4.5.2 Ash Content 69
4.5.3 Heating Value 70
4.5.4 Organic Chemical Composition 70
4.5.5 Density 71
4.6 Summary 72
Contents vii
5. Conventional Ethanol Production from Corn and Sugarcane . . . . . . . . 73
5.1 Introduction 73
5.1.1 Ethanol 73
5.1.2 Ethanol Fuel 73
5.2 Ethanol in Ancient Times 74
5.3 Current Ethanol Production 75
5.4 Fermentation 76
5.5 Ethanol from Sugarcane 79
5.6 Ethanol from Corn 79
5.6.1 The Corn Wet-Milling Process 80
5.6.2 The Corn Dry-Milling Process 80
5.6.3 Byproducts 81
5.7 Separation and Purification 82
5.8 Summary 83
6. Ethanol from Biomass by Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.1 Challenges with Corn-Based Ethanol 84
6.2 Cellulose in Biomass 84
6.3 Sugars from Cellulose 88
6.4 Factors Affecting Lignocellulose Digestibility 88
6.4.1 Lignin Content 88
6.4.2 Hemicelluloses Content 89
6.4.3 Acetyl and Other Inhibitor Content 89
6.4.4 Cellulose Crystallinity and Degree of Polymerization 90
6.4.5 Surface Area of Pore Volume 90
6.5 Biomass Pretreatment 90
6.5.1 Physical Pretreatments 91
6.5.2 Chemical Pretreatments 91
6.5.2.1 Dilute Acids 92
6.5.2.2 Peracetic Acid (C2H4O3) 93
6.5.2.3 Concentrated Sulfuric Acid 93
6.5.2.4 Concentrated Phosphoric Acid 94
6.5.2.5 Ionic Liquids 94
6.5.2.6 Alkali 95
6.5.2.7 Ammonia 95
6.5.2.8 Organic Solvents 95
6.5.3 Hydrothermal Pretreatment 96
6.5.4 Physicochemical Pretreatments 96
6.5.4.1 Steam Hydrolysis and Explosion 96
6.5.4.2 Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) 97
6.5.4.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 97
6.6 Cellulose Hydrolysis to Produce Sugars 98
6.7 Fermentation of Sugars to Ethanol 99
6.7.1 Xylose Fermentation 100
viii Contents
6.8 Ethanol Separation and Purification 101
6.9 Summary 101
7. Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.1 What Is Biodiesel? 102
7.2 History 102
7.3 Vegetable Oil Resources 103
7.3.1 Nonedible Oil Resources 106
7.4 Transesterification 107
7.4.1 Catalytic Methods 107
7.4.2 Noncatalytic Supercritical Alcohol Method 108
7.4.3 Recovery of Glycerol 109
7.4.4 Reaction Mechanism 110
7.5 Current Technologies 111
7.5.1 Raw Materials and Feedstock Preparation 112
7.5.1.1 Choice of Alcohol 113
7.5.2 Batch Process 114
7.5.3 Continuous Process 115
7.5.4 Single-Phase Cosolvent Process 115
7.5.5 Supercritical Methanol Process 116
7.6 Fuel Properties of Biodiesels 117
7.6.1 Viscosity, Density, and Flash Point 117
7.6.2 Cetane Number, Cloud, and Pour Point 119
7.6.3 Combustion Efficiency 120
7.6.4 Comparison of Methyl with Ethyl Esters 120
7.6.5 Emissions 120
7.6.6 Biodegradability 121
7.6.7 Engine Performance 121
7.7 Disadvantages of Biodiesel 122
7.8 Summary 122
8. Diesel from Biomass Gasification Followed by Fischer–Tropsch
Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
8.1 Diesel Fuel 123
8.1.1 Diesel from Petroleum 123
8.1.2 Diesel from Coal 125
8.1.3 Diesel from Biomass 126
8.2 Gasification of Biomass to Produce Syngas 126
8.2.1 Types of Gasifiers 128
8.2.2 Gasification Chemistry 130
8.3 Conditioning of Syngas 131
8.4 FT Synthesis to Produce Diesel 132
8.4.1 Reactor Configurations 133
8.4.2 Catalysts 135
Contents ix
8.4.2.1 Iron-Based Catalysts 135
8.4.2.2 Cobalt-Based Catalysts 136
8.4.2.3 Catalyst Supports 137
8.4.3 FT Synthesis in Supercritical Fluids 137
8.5 Fuel Properties of FT Diesel 138
8.6 Summary 139
9. Bio-Oil from Biomass Pyrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
9.1 What Is Bio-Oil? 140
9.2 Pyrolysis 140
9.2.1 Slow Pyrolysis 141
9.2.2 Fast Pyrolysis 142
9.3 Process Considerations 143
9.3.1 Feedstock Preparation 144
9.3.2 Heat Transfer Requirements 144
9.3.3 Effect of Metal Ions and Salts 145
9.3.4 Catalysis 145
9.3.5 Kinetics 145
9.3.6 Bio-Oil Yields 146
9.4 Pyrolysis Reactors 146
9.4.1 Bubbling Fluidized Bed 146
9.4.2 Circulating Fluidized Bed 147
9.4.3 Vacuum Pyrolysis 148
9.4.4 Ablative Fast Pyrolysis 148
9.4.5 Rotating Cone Pyrolyzer 149
9.4.6 Auger Reactor 150
9.4.7 Future Developments 150
9.5 Fuel Properties of Bio-Oil 151
9.5.1 Chemical Composition 152
9.5.2 Viscosity 152
9.5.3 Density 154
9.5.4 Acidity 154
9.5.5 Water Content 154
9.5.6 Oxygen 154
9.5.7 Char and Particle Content 154
9.5.8 Storage Stability 155
9.6 Upgrading of Bio-Oil 155
9.6.1 Solvent Fractionation 155
9.6.2 Deoxygenation 156
9.7 Summary 157
10. Biocrude from Biomass Hydrothermal Liquefaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
10.1 What Is Biocrude? 158
10.2 Hydrothermal Medium 158
x Contents
10.2.1 Dielectric Constant 160
10.2.2 Ion Product 160
10.2.3 Solubility of Organics 161
10.2.4 Diffusivity and Viscosity 161
10.3 Liquefaction Process 161
10.3.1 Batch Process 162
10.3.2 Continuous Process 163
10.3.3 Pumping Biomass with Biocrude 164
10.4 Liquefaction Mechanism 165
10.4.1 Hydrothermal Treatment with Catalysts 167
10.4.2 Hydrothermal Treatment with Reducing Gases 169
10.5 Properties of Biocrude 169
10.6 Refinement and Upgrading of Biocrude 170
10.6.1 Hydrodeoxygenation 170
10.7 Critical Issues 171
10.7.1 Heat Integration 171
10.7.2 Biomass Feeding and Solids Handling 171
10.7.3 Recovery of Inorganics and Catalysts 173
10.7.4 Reactor Wall Effects 174
10.8 Summary 174
11. Solar and Wind Energy for Biofuel Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
11.1 Process Energy Needs for Biofuel Production 175
11.2 Wind Energy 176
11.3 Solar Energy 178
11.3.1 Solar Collectors 178
11.4 Direct Use of Solar Radiation 180
11.4.1 Gasification 180
11.4.2 Pyrolysis 180
11.4.3 Challenges with Use of Direct Solar Radiation 181
11.5 Storage of Solar Thermal Energy 181
11.6 Summary 182
12. Environmental Impacts of Biofuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
12.1 Biomass and the Natural Carbon Cycle 183
12.2 Environmental Impacts of Biomass Production 183
12.2.1 Land Use 184
12.2.2 Irrigation Water Consumption 185
12.2.3 Fertilizer and Pesticide Use 185
12.2.4 Ecosystem Diversity 186
12.3 Environmental Impacts of Biomass-to-Biofuel Conversion 186
12.4 Environmental Impacts of Biofuel Use 187
12.5 Life-Cycle Impacts 188
12.6 Summary 190
Contents xi
13. Economic Impact of Biofuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
13.1 Biofuel Economy 191
13.2 Economic Impact of Corn Ethanol 192
13.3 Economic Impact of Sugarcane Ethanol 193
13.4 Economic Impact of Biodiesel 194
13.5 Future Economic Impact of Biomass-Based Biofuels 194
13.6 Economic Impact on Developing and Rural Economies 198
13.7 Summary 198
14. Biofuel Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
14.1 Introduction 200
14.2 Brazilian Biofuel Policy 201
14.3 European Biofuel Policy 202
14.4 Chinese Biofuel Policy 203
14.5 Indian Biofuel Policy 204
14.6 The United States Biofuel Policy 205
14.7 Global Biofuel Projections 206
14.8 Summary 207
References 209
Index 225

回复此楼

» 本帖附件资源列表

欢迎监督和反馈：小木虫仅提供交流平台，不对该内容负责。
本内容由用户自主发布，如果其内容涉及到知识产权问题，其责任在于用户本人，如对版权有异议，请联系邮箱：xiaomuchong@tal.com
附件 1 : Gasoline,_Diesel_and_Ethanol_Biofuels_from_Grasses_and_Plants_R._B._Gupta_A._Demirbas_2010_Cambridge_University_Press.pdf

2015-03-28 10:35:41, 2.88 M

» 猜你喜欢

论文终于录用啦！满足毕业条件了已经有14人回复
求个博导看看已经有19人回复
投稿Elsevier的杂志（返修），总是在选择OA和subscription界面被踢皮球已经有8人回复

» 本主题相关价值贴推荐，对您同样有帮助:

CAMBRIDGE2011Modern Computer Arithmetic 已经有4人回复
Cambridge2011Physics of Radio-Frequency Plasmas 已经有23人回复
Cambridge2005String theory vol.2 - Polchinski 已经有7人回复
Cambridge2009A First Course in Digital Communications 已经有14人回复
Cambridge2012Continuum Mechanics in the Earth Sciences 已经有9人回复
Human evolutionary biology (Cambridge 2010) 已经有20人回复
Cambridge2010The Geometrical Language of Continuum Mechanics 已经有25人回复
Cambridge2010Principles of Continuum Mechanics 已经有26人回复
Cambridge2008Chaos and Coarse Graining in Statistical Mechanics 已经有11人回复
Cambridge2008Bacterial Physiology And Metabolism 已经有15人回复
Cambridge2003年A Course in Modern Analysis and Its Applications 已经有32人回复
Cambridge2007年New Theory Of The Earth 已经有34人回复
Cambridge University Modern Fortran (2012) 已经有16人回复
Mathematical and Physical Papers, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, Vol. 3, p. 2 已经有1人回复
【Cambridge 2004】Amines：Synthesis，properties and applications 已经有245人回复
Dictionary Cambridge English Grammar - Check Your Vocabulary for IELTS 已经有16人回复

1楼 2015-03-28 10:36:26

已阅回复此楼关注TA 给TA发消息送TA红花 TA的回帖

简单回复

nty1682楼

2015-03-28 20:59 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

xlfd23楼

2015-03-28 23:45 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

wwaaeett4楼

2015-04-05 22:53 回复

一般顶一下，感谢分享！

hebq5楼

2015-04-19 09:21 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

abchiking6楼

2015-04-21 20:28 回复

三星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

davy-7127楼

2015-05-29 16:05 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

买卖宝8楼

2015-08-04 17:24 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

sun000moon9楼

2015-08-05 11:17 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

nty16810楼

2016-03-18 14:51 回复

顶一下，感谢分享！

zhiwuhuaxue11楼

2016-03-27 12:50 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

zhengjun201312楼

2016-03-30 21:36 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

南方嘉木89613楼

2016-05-16 00:29 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

zhengjun201314楼

2016-05-16 17:59 回复

顶一下，感谢分享！

marchfeng15楼

2016-07-29 11:59 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

marchfeng16楼

2016-09-07 12:35 回复

顶一下，感谢分享！

atlas041217楼

2017-03-21 09:26 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

huan322163918楼

2017-03-22 09:53 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

davy-71219楼

2017-04-09 22:11 回复

顶一下，感谢分享！

鹏程万里20楼

2017-07-07 20:40 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

marchfeng21楼

2017-12-01 13:05 回复

顶一下，感谢分享！

叔宝22楼

2018-07-10 20:35 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

ouyangdan23楼

2018-08-10 11:03 回复

五星好评谢谢分享

yany200324楼

2019-11-23 20:12 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

相关版块跳转我要订阅楼主 pkusiyuan 的主题更新

返回列表

☆ 无星级 ★ 一星级 ★★★ 三星级 ★★★★★ 五星级

普通表情龙兔虎猫高级回复 (可上传附件)