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Cambridge2010A Question and Answer Guide to Astronomy
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Contents Preface xiii Stars 1 1 Why do stars shine? 1 2 What are stars made of? 2 3 Why are stars round? 4 4 How many stars are there in the Galaxy? 4 5 How are the luminosities of stars measured? 6 6 How are the distances to stars measured? 7 7 Parsecs? Light-years? Why not miles or kilometers? 8 8 How are the masses of stars determined? 9 9 How big are the stars? 11 10 How big do stars get? 12 11 How old are the stars? 13 12 How old is the oldest star? 13 13 Do stars really come in different colors? 14 14 How many different kinds of star are there? 15 15 How do stars die? 17 16 What is a nova? A supernova? 19 17 What is a double star? 22 18 What are the Cepheids? 23 19 What is a pulsar? 24 20 Do stars ever collide? 24 21 Are we really made of stardust? 25 22 Do all civilizations recognize the same constellations? 26 23 How many constellations are there? 27 24 How are stars named? 29 25 Can we still discover and name stars? 30 26 Is there a southern polar star? 30 27 How many stars are visible to the naked eye? 31 28 Are the stars fixed or do they move? 32 29 Which star is closest to us? 32 30 Between stars that die and stars that are born, is the population of our galaxy growing or shrinking? 33 31 Are there any isolated stars, outside of the galaxies? 33 32 Could nuclear fusion solve our energy problems? 34 The Solar System 36 33 How did the Solar System form? 36 34 Is any trace of our “ancestral” supernova still in existence? 39 35 How far out does our solar system extend? 39 v vi Contents 36 How old is the Sun? 40 37 Has the Sun always been as bright as it is now? 40 38 What is our Sun’s future? 41 39 What will happen to the Earth when the Sun dies? 41 40 How hot is the Sun? 42 41 What causes sunspots? 43 42 Do sunspots influence the weather on Earth? 45 43 How was the distance to the Sun measured? 45 44 Is the distance between Earth and the Sun changing? 46 45 How can we know the mass of the Sun? 47 46 What is solar radiation pressure? 47 47 What is the solar wind? 47 48 How long does light from the Sun take to reach us? 48 49 What is the difference between a star and a planet? 48 50 What is a brown dwarf ? 49 51 Why are some planets rocky and others gaseous? 49 52 What are the interiors of planets and satellites like? 50 53 Where do the names of the planets come from? 51 54 What is Bode’s law? 52 55 What is Planet X? 53 56 Why is Pluto no longer a planet? 53 57 Why do some planets have many satellites and others, none? 54 58 How can Mercury survive so close to the Sun? 55 59 Why does Venus have phases like the Moon? 55 60 What is the Great Red Spot on Jupiter? 56 61 What are Saturn’s rings made of? 56 62 Do all the planets orbit in the same direction? 57 63 What are the Lagrangian points? 58 64 Why did the comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 break up as it approached Jupiter? 59 65 Can planetary alignments cause catastrophic events on Earth? 60 66 Did asteroids cause the mass extinctions on Earth? 61 67 Where did the asteroid implicated in the extinction of the dinosaurs fall? 63 68 What could be done if an asteroid threatened to collide with Earth? 64 69 What is the Kuiper Belt? 64 70 Where do comets come from? 65 71 How big are comets? 66 72 What is a comet’s tail made of? 66 73 In the age of space probes, is it still useful to observe the planets with telescopes? 67 74 What do the Mars rovers do? 67 75 Why colonize Mars? 68 76 Which way to Mars? 69 77 What is solar sailing? 69 78 How could the Voyagers explore so many planets and satellites in one trip? 71 Contents vii The Earth 72 79 How was the size of the Earth measured? 72 80 How was the mass of the Earth measured? 73 81 How old is the Earth? 75 82 What is inside the Earth? 77 83 Where did the water on Earth come from? 79 84 Do any of the other planets have oceans? 80 85 Where does the oxygen of our atmosphere come from? 81 86 What causes the seasons? 82 87 What is the precession of equinoxes? 83 88 What caused the “ice ages” on Earth? 84 89 What causes the Earth’s magnetic field? 86 90 Does the Earth’s magnetism affect people? 87 91 Why is the magnetic north different from the geographic north? 87 92 What is the greenhouse effect? 88 93 Have days on Earth always been the same length? 90 94 What is sidereal time? 90 95 Why is the day divided into 24 hours? 91 96 How do sundials work? 92 97 How can the Sun be used to find directions? 93 98 How was the time zone system established? 93 The Moon 95 99 How did the Moon form? 95 100 Why is the Moon covered with craters? 96 101 What are the large dark areas on the Moon? 97 102 What does the far side of the Moon look like? 97 103 Does the Moon have the same composition as the Earth? 98 104 Why does the Moon lack an atmosphere? 99 105 Why does the Moon always present the same face to Earth? 100 106 Why does the Moon, rather than the Sun, cause most of our tides? 101 107 If the tide is mainly caused by the attraction of the Moon 102 108 Is it just coincidence that the apparent diameters of the Moon and the Sun are the same? 103 109 How often do solar eclipses occur? 104 110 How can one tell if the Moon is waning or waxing? 105 111 What has been learned from our exploration of the Moon? 106 112 How useful would it be to return to the Moon? 107 113 What explains the dim light suffusing the dark portion of a crescent Moon? 109 114 Has the Hubble Space Telescope been used to observe the Moon? 109 115 “Moonstruck!” Does the Moon have an influence on human behavior? 110 viii Contents Celestial phenomena 111 116 What is a shooting star? 111 117 What causes meteor showers? 111 118 What causes the “northern lights?” 112 119 What is zodiacal light? 113 120 What causes the bright beams of light, like searchlights, that stream out from the setting Sun? 114 121 Why is the setting Sun red? 115 122 Why are sunsets usually more colorful than sunrises? 116 123 What is the green flash? 116 124 Why do we never tan in the late afternoon? 117 125 Why do stars twinkle? 118 126 Why does the Moon look so large at the horizon? 119 The Universe 121 127 How old is the Universe? 121 128 How did the Universe begin? 122 129 How do we know that the Universe is expanding? 125 130 How fast is the Universe expanding? 126 131 Who invented the term “Big Bang?” 126 132 Does the Universe have a center? 127 133 What is the cosmic background radiation? 128 134 What is cosmic inflation? 130 135 When did the first stars form? 132 136 How did the first galaxies form? 133 137 Which came first, stars or galaxies? 134 138 What was there before the Big Bang? 135 139 What is string theory? 135 140 If the Universe is expanding, are we also expanding? 137 141 What explains the redshift of light? 137 142 How big is the Universe? 138 143 Does the Universe have boundaries? 140 144 What is the nature of gravity? 140 145 What is a black hole? 141 146 Can anything escape from a black hole? 143 147 What is dark energy? 144 148 If we cannot see dark matter, how do we know that it exists? 145 149 Were the laws of physics the same in the early Universe as they are now? 147 150 How much antimatter is there in the Universe? 148 151 How many galaxies are there in the Universe? 149 152 How many different types of galaxy are there? 150 153 What is the Milky Way? 151 154 What type of galaxy is the Milky Way? 152 155 What are the Magellanic Clouds? 154 156 How does the sky appear in different wavelengths? 156 Contents ix 157 What is a nebula? 157 158 How empty is space? 158 159 How did the theory of relativity affect astronomy? 160 160 What is meant by “four-dimensional space?” 161 161 Can anything go faster than the speed of light? 163 162 Why does everything in the Universe rotate? 164 163 Why is the night sky dark? 165 164 What is the anthropic principle? 166 165 What is the fate of the Universe? 168 166 What major questions remain to be answered in astronomy? 169 167 How can we hope to comprehend the astronomical numbers which astronomy confronts us with? 170 168 Is there a difference between the cosmos and the Universe? 171 Life in the Universe 173 169 What is life? 173 170 How did life begin on Earth? 174 171 Does life violate the second law of thermodynamics? 176 172 Could intelligent life reverse the fate of the Universe? 177 173 Could life on Earth have originated in outer space? 177 174 Why is water so important for life? 178 175 Could life evolve based on a chemical element other than carbon? 179 176 What are extremophiles? 180 177 Given favorable conditions, will life inevitably appear? 181 178 Where in the Universe would life have the best chance of appearing? 181 179 Can planets exist around binary stars? 182 180 What are the odds that other intelligent life exists in our galaxy? 183 181 Where else in the Solar System could life exist? 184 182 How are exoplanets detected? 186 183 How could we detect the presence of life outside the Solar System? 188 184 Could the human race ever colonize exoplanets? 189 185 Could aliens have visited the Earth? 190 186 How could we communicate with other civilizations in the Galaxy? 191 History of astronomy 193 187 Why did ancient astronomers study the sky so intently? 193 188 How did the cult of the Sun originate? 193 189 Why were the Greek and Roman gods associated with the different planets? 194 190 Can we learn anything from the astronomical phenomena reported in the Bible? 195 191 How could the ancient astronomers predict eclipses? 195 192 Who were the most important astronomers of antiquity? 196 193 What were the contributions of the Chinese, Indian, and Islamic civilizations to astronomy? 197 x Contents 194 Who was responsible for overturning the geocentric system? 199 195 Who was the first astronomer to use a telescope? 202 196 Where were the earliest observatories? 203 197 How did the modern observatory evolve? 204 198 What have the major milestones been in our quest to understand the Universe? 204 199 Have any astronomers won the Nobel Prize? 205 200 Astrology, astronomy, astrophysics . . . what are the differences? 206 201 Is astronomy a “useful” science? 207 Telescopes 209 202 How do refracting and reflecting telescopes differ? 209 203 What does a large modern telescope look like? 210 204 What are the most common optical configurations? 212 205 How is the performance of a telescope measured? 213 206 What is the shape of a telescope mirror? 214 207 How are telescope mirrors made? 215 208 What is a Schmidt telescope? 217 209 Why are telescopes housed in domes? 218 210 Reflection, refraction, diffusion, dispersion . . . want a short refresher? 219 211 . . . and diffraction? 219 212 How is the resolving power of a telescope defined? 221 213 Do celestial objects look bigger through a large telescope? 222 214 Who invented the telescope? 223 215 What major improvements have been made in telescopes since Galileo’s time? 224 216 Why do astronomers want ever-larger telescopes? 226 217 What are the largest optical telescopes today? 227 218 How does the atmosphere degrade telescope images? 229 219 What is adaptive optics? 230 220 Are there any alternatives to traditional mirrors? 231 221 Where are the best astronomical sites? 232 222 What are the advantages of observing from space? 234 223 What are the main space observatories? 234 224 Which orbits are used for space telescopes? 237 225 Would the Moon be a good site for an observatory? 238 226 How is a space telescope pointed? 239 227 What is an astronomical interferometer? 239 228 How does a radio telescope work? 241 229 What can we learn from observations at radio wavelengths? 243 230 What is a submillimeter telescope? 244 231 What does an x-ray telescope look like? 245 232 What can be learned by observing at x-ray wavelengths? 246 233 How does a gamma ray telescope work? 246 234 How are gravitational waves detected? 247 235 How are neutrinos detected? 248 236 How is observing time allocated in a modern observatory? 248 Contents xi Amateur astronomy 250 237 Interested in amateur astronomy? What are the first steps? 250 238 Which telescope should you choose? 251 239 What can be seen with an amateur telescope? 253 240 What is a Dobsonian telescope? 254 241 What is a Schmidt–Cassegrain? 255 242 What are the Messier objects? 256 243 Where are skies the darkest? 257 244 What important discoveries have amateurs made? 258 245 How can planets be spotted in the night sky? 260 246 Where and how can meteorites be found? 260 247 Can amateur astronomers participate in serious research programs? 260 248 You think you have made a discovery: what should you do? 261 249 How does one become a professional astronomer? 261 250 How can you find an amateur astronomy club? 262 Unit conversion and basic physical and astronomical measurements 264 References 265 Bibliography 267 Index 271 |
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2015-03-12 16:29
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五星好评 顶一下，感谢分享！
2016-02-11 23:19
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2019-11-27 08:30
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