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wjmsicuan

金虫 (初入文坛)


[交流] 翻译成中文

In 1957, Jacobson et al performed bilateral nephrectomies on rats and showed that these animals no longer responsed to phlebotomy or cobalt administration with increased Ep production. Rats that only had their ureters ligated and that developed similar elevations of the blood urea nitrogen still responded to cobalt or  phlebotomy in the usual  fashion .Similiar results were found in mice , rabbits , baboons , and dogs .In humans , Ep levels were found to be low in the serum of anemic patients with severe uremia , but after successful  renal transplantation increases in blood Ep levels and hematocrit were observed. Furthermore , erythropoietic activity was detected in the perfusates from isolated rabbit kidneys and was produced by renal cell cultures in vitro . Although the evidence to support the renal origin of Ep was substantial , Ep had not been extracted from normal kidneys or from various normal kidney fractions until very recently. To explain this difficulty , three different hypotheses have been proposed .
  Current evidence indicates that the stimulation of Ep production by hypoxia or ischemia may be mediated via increases in renal prostaglandin and cyclic AMP  levels . The administration of cyclic AMP to plethoric mice increased Ep production and led to and increased red cell mass in normal mice . prostaglandin raised the renal cyclic AMP concentration in isolated perfused dog kidneys as well as the amount of Ep in the perfusates ;the administration of prostaglandin  to polycythemic mice increased both prostaglandin E and Ep blood levels in dogs . The effect on both these parameters as well as on hypoxia-induced Ep production was blocked by indomethacin, a known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis .Since prostaglandins are located mainly in the renal medulla , while Ep has been identified by fluorescent antibodies in the renal cortex , these observations are most consistent with the hypothesis that renal hypoxia or ischemia produces a medullary release of prostaglandin which in turn elevates renal corticla cyclic AMP levels. The newly formed cyclic AMP THEN may activate a protein kinase that leads to increased Ep production , possibly through phosphorylation of a precursor renal erythropoietic factor.
      Although the kidney is the major site controlling Ep formation , after bilateral nephrectomy the production of hormone and erythropoiesis continues in most species , but at a considerably lower level .Anephric mice and rats retain about 10%of their original capacity to increase Ep production in the presence of hypoxia , while anephric patients who become very anemic have Ep in their plasma .The extrarenal Ep of rats appears to be similar to Ep of renal origin since it stimulates heme synthesis by marrow cells and is neutralized by antiserum to urinary Ep . Several lines of study point to the liver as the primary site of extrarenal  Ep production. Ep is produced primarily in the liver during fetal life .Hepatectomy abolishes hypoxia-stimulated hormone production in anephric rats , but not in animals with intact kidneys . In partially hepatectomized rats , the extrarenal Ep response to hypoxia correlates directly with  liver regeneration and is most increased during the period of greatest proliferation . Administration of colloidal carbon or zymosan, which induces liver reticuloendothelial cell hyperplasia, enhances Ep production in nephrectomized rats exposed to hypoxia .This effect, which is also blocked by hepatectomy , suggests that the liver reticuloendothelial system may be and important factor in extrarenal Ep production .

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liagh930

铜虫 (小有名气)


wjmsicuan(金币+1, 翻译EPI+1): 很差劲,不过还是慰问下!! 2011-03-06 19:43:10
在1957年,Jacobson 等人对大鼠首先进行双侧肾切除,之后放血或用钴处理,发现Ep不增高,然而,如果预先只是将大鼠输尿管结扎,其血液尿素含量增高,之后放血或用钴处理,其Ep,和正常鼠一样,增高。在小鼠,家兔,狒狒和狗身上做相同的实验,获得的结果相似。在人群中,伴有严重尿毒症的白血病患者的血液Ep水平较低,但在肾移植手术成功后,血液Ep水平升高,且血细胞计数也有所增加。此外,对分离的家兔的肾灌流液,即体外培养的肾细胞的红血球生成活性进行检测。虽然支持Ep 来源于肾的证据可靠,但直到现在,人们还没能从正常的肾或不同的肾fractions提取出 Ep 。为了解释这个难题,三个不同的假说被提出。
最新证据显示,由组织缺氧和局部缺血诱导的 Ep的产生是通过上调肾脏前列腺素和cAMP水平来介导的。用cAMP处理多血症小鼠可增加Ep的产生,处理正常小鼠可导致红细胞块的增加。前列腺可以上调体外灌流的狗肾脏的cAMP浓度,同时也可以上调灌流液中Ep含量。用前列腺素处理红细胞增多小鼠,可以增加血液前列腺素E含量,也可以增加狗的血Ep含量。对这2个参数的影响和组织缺氧诱导的Ep增多可以被消炎药茚甲新阻断,茚甲新是前列腺素合成的抑制剂。由于前列腺素主要分布于肾髓,而Ep已通过荧光抗体被鉴定存在于肾皮质, 这些观察结果与假设一致,即肾缺氧或缺血诱导肾髓释放前列腺素,而前列腺素反过来又上调肾皮质的cAMP浓度。新生成的cAMP,接下来可能可以激活蛋白激酶增加Ep的产生,很可能是通过磷酸化肾红血球生成因子前体来实现的。
      虽然肾是控制Ep生成的主要场所,在大多数物种经历双肾切除手术之后,激素和红血球产生过程仍然继续,只是以相当低的速度。无肾小鼠和无肾大鼠在缺氧条件下仍然保留约10%生产Ep的能力,但无肾的病人,常表现为严重贫血,在血浆中含有Ep。大鼠肾外的Ep和肾来源的Ep很相似,也可以刺激骨髓细胞生成亚铁血红素,可以被抗尿Ep的抗血清中和。一些研究团队认为肝脏是肾外Ep产生的最初部位。在胎儿期 Ep主要在肝脏中产生。在无肾大鼠中,肝脏切除可以阻断低氧诱导激素的产生,但在有完整肾的动物中肝脏切除不可阻断。在部分肝脏切除的大鼠中, 肾外Ep对低氧的反应直接与肝再生相关,且在增殖最旺盛期肾外Ep增加最快。 用胶状碳或酵母聚糖诱导肝网状内皮组织增生,可以促进受低氧胁迫的肾切除大鼠的Ep的产生。这个效应同样可以被肝切除手术阻断,提示肝网状内皮系统 可能是肾外Ep产生的重要因素。

第一次翻译,凑活着看啊
2楼2011-03-05 20:56:56
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liagh930

铜虫 (小有名气)


引用回帖:
Originally posted by liagh930 at 2011-03-05 20:56:56:
在1957年,Jacobson 等人对大鼠首先进行双侧肾切除,之后放血或用钴处理,发现Ep不增高,然而,如果预先只是将大鼠输尿管结扎,其血液尿素含量增高,之后放血或用钴处理,其Ep,和正常鼠一样,增高。在小 ...

EP     上皮细胞
3楼2011-03-05 21:04:18
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liagh930

铜虫 (小有名气)


SP(side population)细胞
1996年, Goodell et  al
[2]
在用Hoechst33342荧光
染色对小鼠骨髓造血干细胞进行检测时, 通过
紫外激发检测双波长分别为450  nm的蓝色荧光
和675  nm的红色荧光, 发现不到0.1%的细胞发
出极弱的蓝光和红光, 在流式二维分析点阵图
上, 这一小群细胞呈彗星状分布在细胞主群的
一侧, 他们将这群细胞称为SP(side  population)
细胞. ;
4楼2011-03-06 21:18:12
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luoji449

铜虫 (小有名气)


这么长的翻译……
5楼2011-03-07 17:18:26
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ringzhu(金币+10): 辛苦~~ 2011-03-17 15:20:37
In 1957, Jacobson et al performed bilateral nephrectomies on rats and showed that these animals no longer responsed to phlebotomy or cobalt administration with increased Ep production. 1957年,Jacobson等人对小白鼠进行了双肾切除实验,双肾切除后的小白鼠的上皮细胞数量增加,但对放血和钴刺激无任何反应。Rats that only had their ureters ligated and that developed similar elevations of the blood urea nitrogen still responded to cobalt or  phlebotomy in the usual  fashion .而输尿管结扎并血液尿素氮的含量增加的小白鼠通常对放血和钴刺激仍有反应。Similiar results were found in mice , rabbits , baboons , and dogs .对老鼠,兔子,狒狒和狗进行实验,也发现了相同的结果。In humans , Ep levels were found to be low in the serum of anemic patients with severe uremia , 而人体实验表明严重尿毒症患者血清中上皮细胞数量低,but after successful  renal transplantation increases in blood Ep levels and hematocrit were observed. 但经成功的肾脏移植手术后,血液中的上皮细胞数量增加并观察到有血细胞(hematocrit,这个单词查了,还是不清楚)Furthermore , erythropoietic activity was detected in the perfusates from isolated rabbit kidneys and was produced by renal cell cultures in vitro . 另外,我们从切割下的兔子的肾脏中和在试管中培养的肾细胞中检测到了红细胞。Although the evidence to support the renal origin of Ep was substantial , Ep had not been extracted from normal kidneys or from various normal kidney fractions until very recently.虽然目前有足够的证据能证明上皮细胞来源于肾脏,但是也只是最近才在正常的肾脏中或肾脏的不同组织中才提取出上皮细胞To explain this difficulty , three different hypotheses have been proposed .为了解释这个问题,人们提出了三种假设。
6楼2011-03-09 15:48:12
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ringzhu(金币+10): ~~ 2011-03-17 15:20:49
Current evidence indicates that the stimulation of Ep production by hypoxia or ischemia may be mediated via increases in renal prostaglandin and cyclic AMP  levels . 目前已证明缺氧或缺血促进上皮细胞的产生,肾前列腺素和环磷酸腺苷的增加也可能会导致上皮细胞的产生。The administration of cyclic AMP to plethoric mice increased Ep production and led to and increased red cell mass in normal mice . 环磷酸腺苷促进多血症老鼠的上皮细胞数量增加,而对正常鼠则会增加红细胞的数量。prostaglandin raised the renal cyclic AMP concentration in isolated perfused dog kidneys as well as the amount of Ep in the perfusates 在灌注狗实验中,前列腺素会提高肾脏中环磷酸腺苷的浓度,上皮细胞的数量也会增多;the administration of prostaglandin  to polycythemic mice increased both prostaglandin E and Ep blood levels in dogs此外,前列腺素会提高多血症鼠(polycythemic 单词没查出来什么意思)的前列腺素E,增加狗血液中的上皮细胞量 . The effect on both these parameters as well as on hypoxia-induced Ep production was blocked by indomethacin, a known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis 消炎痛是一种常用的前列腺素产生抑制剂,前列腺素对前列腺素E及血液中上皮细胞和缺氧生成的上皮细胞的作用会受到消炎痛的抑制.Since prostaglandins are located mainly in the renal medulla , while Ep has been identified by fluorescent antibodies in the renal cortex ,有种猜想认为肾脏缺氧或缺血导致肾髓质释放前列腺素,进而前列腺素促进皮质中环磷酸腺苷的产生,新生成的环磷酸腺苷可能通过身形红细胞生成因子的磷酸化作用,刺激蛋白激酶产生上皮细胞。因为前列腺素主要存在于肾髓质中,肾脏皮层的上皮细胞可以用荧光抗体进行识别,实验观测结果与上述猜想相吻合。these observations are most consistent with the hypothesis that renal hypoxia or ischemia produces a medullary release of prostaglandin which in turn elevates renal corticla cyclic AMP levels. The newly formed cyclic AMP THEN may activate a protein kinase that leads to increased Ep production , possibly through phosphorylation of a precursor renal erythropoietic factor.
7楼2011-03-09 16:40:34
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1957年,Jacobson等人对小白鼠进行了双肾切除实验,双肾切除后的小白鼠的上皮细胞数量增加,但对放血和钴刺激无任何反应。而输尿管结扎并血液尿素氮的含量增加的小白鼠通常对放血和钴刺激仍有反应。对老鼠,兔子,狒狒和狗进行实验,也发现了相同的结果。而人体实验表明严重尿毒症患者血清中上皮细胞数量低, 但经成功的肾脏移植手术后,血液中的上皮细胞数量增加并观察到有血细胞(hematocrit,这个单词查了,还是不清楚)另外,我们从切割下的兔子的肾脏中和在试管中培养的肾细胞中检测到了红细胞。虽然目前有足够的证据能证明上皮细胞来源于肾脏,但是也只是最近才在正常的肾脏中或肾脏的不同组织中才提取出上皮细胞为了解释这个问题,人们提出了三种假设。
目前已证明缺氧或缺血促进上皮细胞的产生,肾前列腺素和环磷酸腺苷的增加也可能会导致上皮细胞的产生。环磷酸腺苷促进多血症老鼠的上皮细胞数量增加,而对正常鼠则会增加红细胞的数量。在灌注狗实验中,前列腺素会提高肾脏中环磷酸腺苷的浓度,上皮细胞的数量也会增多。此外,前列腺素会提高多血症鼠(polycythemic 单词没查出来什么意思)的前列腺素E,增加狗血液中的上皮细胞量 .  消炎痛是一种常用的前列腺素产生抑制剂,前列腺素对前列腺素E及血液中上皮细胞和缺氧生成的上皮细胞的作用会受到消炎痛的抑制.有种猜想认为肾脏缺氧或缺血导致肾髓质释放前列腺素,进而前列腺素促进皮质中环磷酸腺苷的产生,新生成的环磷酸腺苷可能通过身形红细胞生成因子的磷酸化作用,刺激蛋白激酶产生上皮细胞。因为前列腺素主要存在于肾髓质中,肾脏皮层的上皮细胞可以用荧光抗体进行识别,实验观测结果与上述猜想相吻合。
8楼2011-03-09 16:43:17
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引用回帖:
Originally posted by wjmsicuan at 2011-03-05 14:48:12:
In 1957, Jacobson et al performed bilateral nephrectomies on rats and showed that these animals no longer responsed to phlebotomy or cobalt administration with increased Ep production. Rats that on ...

好累啊,最后一段留着明天翻译。我学化学的,不是这个方向的,只是试试,挑战一下。好与不好,希望有所帮助。另外,翻译过程中Ep这个词,翻译成上皮细胞好像还是不对的,还有一种意思是内啡肽,建议楼主自己看。
9楼2011-03-09 16:46:51
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地图蜗牛

银虫 (小有名气)


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ringzhu(金币+10): 辛苦 欢迎常来~~ 2011-03-17 15:21:07
1957年,Jacobson等人对大鼠做了双侧肾切除,发现这些动物不再对放血或钴处理产生Ep升高的反应。而只是结扎了输尿管并出现类似血液尿素氮水平升高现象的大鼠仍能够对放血和钴处理产生正常反应。在小鼠、兔、狒狒和狗中也发现了类似的结果。在人类中,有严重尿毒症的贫血症患者血清Ep水平较低,但是成功肾移植后,血液Ep浓度和血细胞比容升高。此外,切除的兔肾的灌注液具有促红细胞生成活性,体外培养的肾细胞也产生红细胞生成活性。尽管大量证据支持Ep产生自肾,但直到最近才从正常肾或各种正常肾组分中提取到Ep。为解释这种现象,人们提出了三种假说。目前证据显示低氧或缺血刺激引起的Ep生成可能是通过肾前列腺素和cAMP升高调节的。给予多血症小鼠cAMP能够增加Ep生成,而在正常小鼠中会导致红细胞数量增加。前列腺素能够提高分离灌注的狗肾的肾cAMP浓度,以及灌注液中的Ep含量。在多血症小鼠中,前列腺素能够提高前列腺素E水平,在狗中,前列腺素能够增加血液Ep含量。前列腺素对这些参数以及低氧引起的Ep生成的影响受到消炎痛的阻断,而消炎痛是已知的前列腺素合成抑制剂。前列腺素主要存在于神髓质,通过免疫荧光抗体发现Ep存在于肾皮质,这与一个假说高度一致,这个假说认为肾低氧或缺血导致髓质的前列腺素释放,这又提高了皮质cAMP的水平。新形成的cAMP可能激活一个蛋白激酶,通过磷酸化一个肾红细胞生成因子的前体,导致Ep生成增加,尽管肾是控制Ep形成的主要位点,但多数物种在双侧肾切除后继续有激素和红细胞生成,只是含量非常低。无肾小鼠和大鼠保留了大约10%的低氧时Ep生成增加的能力,而极度贫血的无肾病人血浆中含有Ep。大鼠肾以外Ep与肾来源Ep类似,因为肾外Ep刺激骨髓细胞合成亚铁血红素,并能够被尿Ep抗血清中和。有几条线索提示肝脏是肾外Ep生成的主要位置。在胚胎时期,Ep主要是在肝脏中生成的。肝切除后,低氧引起的激素生成在无肾大鼠消失,但在肾完整动物中不存在消失的情况。在部分肝切除的大鼠中,肾外Ep对低氧的反应能力直接与肝重生相关,并且在肝增生最强时反应能力提升最快。胶态炭或酵母聚糖能够引起肝网状内皮细胞增生,给予肾切除大鼠胶态炭或酵母聚糖后能够增强低氧暴露的大鼠中Ep的生成。这一效应也被肝切除阻断,说明肝网状内皮细胞系统可能是肾外Ep生成的一个重要因素。
10楼2011-03-09 22:20:06
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Ep:红细胞生成素
11楼2011-03-10 08:37:21
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