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The ECLs and amino termini of GPCRs, together with the extracellular halves of thetransmembrane helices, are believed to define the ligand-binding site of each receptor (44).Therefore, the ECLs play an important role in the overall pharmacology of any particularreceptor. In general, small molecule ligands are thought to bind deeper within the space createdby the transmembrane domain helices, whereas larger ligands such as peptides bind closer tothe membrane surface near the ECLs (54,55). Mutagenesis studies suggest that the ¦Â2AR bindsits ligand deep within the transmembrane helix bundle, which may be related to the observationthat the extracellular regions have a rather simple structure with short loops connectingtransmembrane helices II and III, and VI and VII (Figure 4A). ECL2, which links helices IVand V, has a somewhat more extensive architecture that is unanticipated. In contrast to theburied, ¦Â-sheet structure of this loop in rhodopsin (Figure 4B), ECL2 in ¦Â2AR is more exposedto the solvent and contains an extra helical segment. Additionally, there is an intra-loopdisulfide bond between Cys1844.76 and Cys1905.29 that may help stabilize the more exposedECL2. A second disulfide bond between Cys1915.30 and Cys1063.25 in helix III effectively tiesECL2 to the transmembrane core (56). The distal portion of ECL2 makes close contacts withECL1 and contains a glycosylation site at Asn1875.26 (57), which may serve to mask a groupingof aromatic residues on ECL1; in this construct, Asn1875.26 has been mutated to glutamate toaid in crystallization. ´óÉñÃǰïæ·ÒëÏ£¬Ð»Ð»¡£ |
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