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【资源】生物材料领域重要综述
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近年来生物材料领域很经典的综述。 欢迎下载，评价 http://d.namipan.com/d/f0c0fa320 ... 3c086c291f6cf83c901 |
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小木虫(金币+0.5):给个红包，谢谢回帖交流
薰衣草儿(金币+1,VIP+0):谢谢提醒~ 6-27 17:21
小木虫(金币+0.5):给个红包，谢谢回帖交流
薰衣草儿(金币+1,VIP+0):谢谢提醒~ 6-27 17:21
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Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties Marc André Meyers, a, , Po-Yu Chena, Albert Yu-Min Lina and Yasuaki Sekia aMaterials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States Available online 18 May 2007. Abstract Most natural (or biological) materials are complex composites whose mechanical properties are often outstanding, considering the weak constituents from which they are assembled. These complex structures, which have risen from hundreds of million years of evolution, are inspiring Materials Scientists in the design of novel materials. Their defining characteristics, hierarchy, multifunctionality, and self-healing capability, are illustrated. Self-organization is also a fundamental feature of many biological materials and the manner by which the structures are assembled from the molecular level up. The basic building blocks are described, starting with the 20 amino acids and proceeding to polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polypeptides–saccharides. These, on their turn, compose the basic proteins, which are the primary constituents of ‘soft tissues’ and are also present in most biominerals. There are over 1000 proteins, and we describe only the principal ones, with emphasis on collagen, chitin, keratin, and elastin. The ‘hard’ phases are primarily strengthened by minerals, which nucleate and grow in a biomediated environment that determines the size, shape and distribution of individual crystals. The most important mineral phases are discussed: hydroxyapatite, silica, and aragonite. Using the classification of Wegst and Ashby, the principal mechanical characteristics and structures of biological ceramics, polymer composites, elastomers, and cellular materials are presented. Selected systems in each class are described with emphasis on the relationship between their structure and mechanical response. A fifth class is added to this: functional biological materials, which have a structure developed for a specific function: adhesion, optical properties, etc. An outgrowth of this effort is the search for bioinspired materials and structures. Traditional approaches focus on design methodologies of biological materials using conventional synthetic materials. The new frontiers reside in the synthesis of bioinspired materials through processes that are characteristic of biological systems; these involve nanoscale self-assembly of the components and the development of hierarchical structures. Although this approach is still in its infancy, it will eventually lead to a plethora of new materials systems as we elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of growth and the structure of biological systems. Article Outline 1. Introduction and basic overview of mechanical properties 2. Hierarchical organization of structure 3. Multifunctionality and self-healing 4. Self-organization and self-assembly 5. Basic building blocks (nano and microstructure of biological materials) 5.1. Molecular units 5.2. Biominerals 5.2.1. Biomineralization 5.2.2. Nucleation 5.2.3. Morphology 5.3. Proteins (polypeptides) 5.3.1. Collagen 5.3.2. Keratin 5.3.3. Actin and myosin 5.3.4. Elastin 5.3.5. Resilin and abductin 5.3.6. Other proteins 5.4. Polysaccharides 5.4.1. Chitin 5.4.2. Cellulose 6. Biological ceramics and ceramic composites 6.1. Sponge spicules 6.2. Shells 6.2.1. Nacreous shells 6.2.1.1. Growth of abalone (Haliotis rufescens) nacre 6.2.1.2. Mechanical properties of abalone nacre 6.2.2. Conch (Strombus gigas) shell 6.2.3. Giant clam (Tridacna gigas) 6.3. Shrimp hammer 6.4. Marine worm teeth 6.5. Bone 6.5.1. Structure 6.5.2. Elastic properties 6.5.3. Strength 6.5.4. Fracture and fracture toughness of bone 6.6. Teeth 6.6.1. Structure and properties 6.6.2. Growth and hierarchical structure of elephant tusk 6.7. Nano-scale effects in biological materials 6.8. Multi-scale effects 7. Biological polymers and polymer composites 7.1. Ligaments 7.2. Silk 7.3. Arthropod exoskeletons 7.4. Keratin-based materials: hoof and horn 8. Biological elastomers 8.1. Skin 8.2. Muscle 8.3. Blood vessels 8.3.1. Non-linear elasticity 8.3.2. Residual stresses 8.4. Mussel byssus 8.5. Cells 8.5.1. Structure and mechanical properties 8.5.2. Mechanical testing 8.5.3. Cell motility, locomotion, and adhesion 9. Biological cellular materials 9.1. Basic equations 9.2. Wood 9.3. Beak interior 9.3.1. Toucan and hornbill beaks 9.3.2. Modeling of interior foam (Gibson–Ashby constitutive equations) 9.4. Feather 10. Functional biological materials 10.1. Gecko feet and other biological attachment devices 10.2. Structural colors 10.2.1. Photonic crystal arrays 10.2.2. Thin film interference 10.3. Chameleon 11. Bioinspired materials 11.1. Traditional biomimetics 11.1.1. Aerospace materials 11.1.2. Building designs 11.1.3. Fiber optics and micro-lenses 11.1.4. Manufacturing 11.1.5. Water collection 11.1.6. Velcro 11.1.7. Gecko feet 11.1.8. Abalone 11.1.9. Marine adhesives 11.2. Molecular-based biomimetics 12. Summary and conclusions Acknowledgements References |
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