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Principles of Soil Dynamics
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PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Nature and Type of Dynamic Loading on Soils 1 1.3 Importance of Soil Dynamics 4 References 6 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF VIBRATION 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Fundamentals of Vibration 8 System with Single Degree of Freedom 10 2.3 Free Vibration of a Spring-Mass System 10 2.4 Forced Vibration of a Spring-Mass System 16 2.5 Free Vibration with Viscous Damping 23 2.6 Steady-State Forced Vibration with Viscous Damping 30 2.7 Rotating-Mass-Type Excitation 35 2.8 Determination of Damping Ratio 37 2.9 Vibration-Measuring Instrument 40 System with Two Degrees of Freedom 42 2.10 Vibration of a Mass-Spring System 42 2.11 Coupled Translation and Rotation of a Mass-Spring System (Free Vibration) 48 Problems 51 Reference 55 3 WAVES IN ELASTIC MEDIUM 56 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Stress and Strain 56 3.3 Hooke's Law 58 Elastic Stress Waves in a Bar 60 3.4 Longitudinal Elastic Waves in a Bar 60 3.5 Velocity of Particles in the Stressed Zone 63 3.6 Reflections of Elastic Stress Waves at the End of a Bar 65 3.7 Torsional Waves in a Bar 67 3.8 Longitudinal Vibration of Short Bars 68 3.9 Torsional Vibration of Short Bars 73 Stress Waves in an Infinite Elastic Medium 74 3.10 Equation of Motion in an Elastic Medium 74 3.11 Equations for Stress Waves 75 3.12 General Comments 78 Stress Waves in Elastic Half-Space 82 3.13 Rayleigh Waves 82 3.14 Displacement of Rayleigh Waves 88 3.15 Attenuation of the Amplitude of Elastic Waves with Distance 90 References 94 4 PROPERTIES OF DYNAMICALLY LOADED SOILS 96 4.1 Introduction 96 Laboratory Tests and Results 4.2 Shear Strength of Soils under Rapid Loading Condition 97 4.3 Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Soils under Transient Load 101 4.4 Travel−Time Test for Determination of Longitudinal and Shear Wave Velocities (vc and vs) 104 4.5 Resonant Column Test 106 4.6 Cyclic Simple Shear Test 121 4.7 Cyclic Torsional Simple Shear Test 125 4.8 Cyclic Triaxial Test 128 4.9 Summary of Cyclic Tests 133 Field Test Measurements 135 4.10 Reflection and Refraction of Elastic Body Waves—Fundamental Concepts 135 4.11 Seismic Refraction Survey (Horizontal Layering) 137 4.12 Refraction Survey in Soils with Inclined Layering 145 4.13 Reflection Survey in Soil (Horizontal Layering) 151 4.14 Reflection Survey in Soil (Inclined Layering) 154 4.15 Subsoil Exploration by Steady-State Vibration 158 4.16 Soil Exploration by "Shooting Up the Hole," "Shooting Down the Hole," and "Cross-Hole Shooting" 160 4.17 Cyclic Plate Load Test 164 Correlations for Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio 169 4.18 Test Procedures for Measurement of Moduli and Damping Characteristics 169 4.19 Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio in Sand 171 4.20 Correlation of Gmax of Sand with Standard Penetration Resistance 176 4.21 Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio for Gravels 176 4.22 Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio for Clays 178 4.23 Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio for Lightly Cemented Sand 186 Problems 188 References 192 5 FOUNDATION VIBRATION 196 5.1 Introduction 196 5.2 Vertical Vibration of Circular Foundations Resting on Elastic Half-Space— Historical Development 196 5.3 Analog Solutions for Vertical Vibration of Foundations 205 5.4 Calculation Procedure for Foundation Response⎯Vertical Vibration 209 5.5 Rocking Vibration of Foundations 219 5.6 Sliding Vibration of Foundations 226 5.7 Torsional Vibration of Foundations 229 5.8 Comparison of Footing Vibration Tests with Theory 235 5.9 Comments on the Mass-Spring-Dashpot Analog Used for Solving Foundation Vibration Problems 239 5.10 Coupled Rocking and Sliding Vibration of Rigid Circular Foundations 244 5.11 Vibration of Foundations for Impact Machines 248 Vibration of Embedded Foundations 251 5.12 Vertical Vibration of Rigid Cylindrical Foundations 251 5.13 Sliding Vibration of Rigid Cylindrical Foundations 256 5.14 Rocking Vibration of Rigid Cylindrical Foundations 257 5.15 Torsional Vibration of Rigid Cylindrical Foundations 259 Vibration Screening 261 5.16 Active and Passive Isolation: Definition 261 5.17 Active Isolation by Use of Open Trenches 261 5.18 Passive Isolation by Use of Open Trenches 264 5.19 Passive Isolation by Use of Piles 266 Problems 269 References 273 6 DYNAMIC BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 276 6.1 Introduction 276 Ultimate Dynamic Bearing Capacity 277 6.2 Bearing Capacity in Sand 277 6.3 Bearing Capacity in Clay 283 6.4 Behavior of Foundations under Transient Loads 285 6.5 Experimental Observation of Load-Settlement Relationship for Vertical Transient Loading 285 6.6 Seismic Bearing Capacity and Settlement in Granular Soil 291 Problems 297 References 298 7 EARTHQUAKE AND GROUND VIBRATION 300 7.1 Introduction 300 7.2 Definition of Some Earthquake-Related Terms 300 7.3 Earthquake Magnitude 303 7.4 Characteristics of Rock Motion during an Earthquake 305 7.5 Vibration of Horizontal Soil Layers with Linearly Elastic Properties 308 7.6 Other Studies for Vibration of Soil Layers Due to Earthquakes 319 7.7 Equivalent Number of Significant Uniform Stress Cycles for Earthquakes 320 References 324 8 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE ON RETAINING WALLS 327 8.1 Introduction 327 8.2 Mononobe−Okabe Active Earth Pressure Theory 328 8.3 Some Comments on the Active Force Equation 335 8.4 Procedure for Obtaining PAE Using Standard Charts of KA 335 8.5 Effect of Various Parameters on the Value of the Active Earth Pressure Coefficient 340 8.6 Graphical Construction for Determination of Active Force, PAE 342 8.7 Laboratory Model Test Results for Active Earth Pressure Coefficient, KAE 345 8.8 Point of Application of the Resultant Active Force, PAE 350 8.9 Design of Gravity Retaining Walls Based on Limited Displacement 353 8.10 Hydrodynamic Effects of Pore Water 361 8.11 Mononobe−Okabe Active Earth Pressure Theory for c − φ Backfill 363 8.12 Dynamic Passive Force on Retaining Wall 368 Problems 370 References 371 9 COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOILS UNDER DYNAMIC LOADS 374 9.1 Introduction 374 9.2 Compaction of Granular Soils: Effect of Vertical Stress and Vertical Acceleration 374 9.3 Settlement of Strip Foundation on Granular Soil under the Effect of Controlled Cyclic Vertical Stress 380 9.4 Settlement of Machine Foundation on Granular Soils Subjected to Vertical Vibration 384 9.5 Settlement of Sand Due to Cyclic Shear Strain 389 9.6 Calculation of Settlement of Dry Sand Layers Subjected to Seismic Effect 391 9.7 Settlement of a Dry Sand Layer Due to Multidirectional Shaking 394 Problems 396 References 397 10 LIQUEFACTION OF SOIL 398 10.1 Introduction 398 10.2 Fundamental Concept of Liquefaction 399 10.3 Laboratory Studies to Simulate Field Conditions for Soil Liquefaction 401 Dynamic Triaxial Test 402 10.4 General Concepts and Test Procedures 402 10.5 Typical Results from Cyclic Triaxial Test 405 10.6 Influence of Various Parameters on Soil Liquefaction Potential 410 10.7 Development of Standard Curves for Initial Liquefaction 414 Cyclic Simple Shear Test 415 10.8 General Concepts 415 10.9 Typical Test Results 416 10.10 Rate of Excess Pore Water Pressure Increase 418 10.11 Large-Scale Simple Shear Tests 420 Development of a Procedure for Determination of Field Liquefaction 426 10.12 Correlation of the Liquefaction Results from Simple Shear and Triaxial Tests 426 10.13 Correlation of the Liquefaction Results from Triaxial Tests to Field Conditions 430 10.14 Zone of Initial Liquefaction in the Field 432 10.15 Relation between Maximum Ground Acceleration and the Relative Density of Sand for Soil Liquefaction 433 10.16 Liquefaction Analysis from Standard Penetration Resistance 438 10.17 Other Correlations for Field Liquefaction Analysis 444 10.18 Remedial Action to Mitigate Liquefaction 447 Problems 454 References 455 11 MACHINE FOUNDATIONS ON PILES 459 11.1 Introduction 459 Piles Subjected to Vertical Vibration 460 11.2 End-Bearing Piles 460 11.3 Friction Piles 465 Sliding, Rocking, and Torsional Vibration 478 11.4 Sliding and Rocking Vibration 478 11.5 Torsional Vibration of Embedded Piles 492 Problems 501 References 504 12 SEISMIC STABILITY OF EARTH EMBANKMENTS 505 12.1 Introduction 505 12.2 Free Vibration of Earth Embankments 505 12.3 Forced Vibration of an Earth Embankment 509 12.4 Velocity and Acceleration Spectra 511 12.5 Approximate Method for Evaluation of Maximum Crest Acceleration and Natural Period of Embankments 513 12.6 Fundamental Concepts of Stability Analysis 521 Pseudostatic Analysis 527 12.7 Clay Slopes (φ = 0 Condition)—Koppula's Analysis 527 12.8 Slopes with c − φ Soil—Majumdar's Analysis 532 12.9 Slopes with c − φ Soil—Prater's Analysis 540 12.10 Slopes with c − φ Soil—Conventional Method of Slices 543 Deformation of Slopes 546 12.11 Simplified Procedure for Estimation of Earthquake-Induced Deformation 546 Problems 549 References 551 APPENDIX A—PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FORCES OF SINGLE-CYLINDER ENGINES 553 INDEX 556 |
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