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[资源] CORROSION UNDERSTANDING THE BASIC

CORROSION UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS
Edited by
J.R. Davis
Davis & Associates
Copyright 2000 by ASM International® All rights reserved
Contents
Preface ...................................................................................ix
CHAPTER 1: The Effects and Economic Impact of Corrosion .....1
The Definition of Corrosion.............................................................2
The Effects of Corrosion ..................................................................3
The Many Forms of Corrosion.........................................................4
Methods to Control Corrosion .........................................................6
Material Selection...........................................................................6
Coatings...........................................................................................7
Inhibitors .........................................................................................8
Cathodic Protection ........................................................................8
Design..............................................................................................8
Opportunities in Corrosion Control.................................................9
The Economic Impact of Corrosion ..............................................10
Sources of Information...................................................................14
Appendix: Addresses of Trade Associations and
Technical Societies Involved with Corrosion ..........................17
CHAPTER 2: Basic Concepts Important to Corrosion .........21
Behavior of a Metal in an Environment ........................................21
The Four Requirements of a Corrosion Cell.................................23
Metal Characteristics Important to Corrosion ..............................25
Metallurgical Characteristics .......................................................25
Inherent Reactivity .......................................................................35
Formation of Corrosion Products ................................................37
Important Solution Characteristics ................................................38
Corrosion Rate Expressions and Allowances ...............................45
CHAPTER 3: Principles of Aqueous Corrosion ....................49
The Thermodynamics of Aqueous Corrosion ...............................50
Corrosion Reactions and Free-Energy Change...........................50
Free Energy and Electrochemical Potential................................53
Tendency for Metals to Corrode..................................................55
Effect of Ionic Concentration on Electrode Potential ................56
Electromotive Force Series ..........................................................59
Galvanic Series .............................................................................60
Standard Electrode Potentials for Other Reactions ....................62
Potential-pH Diagrams: General Aspects ...................................62
Potential-pH Diagrams for Specific Metals................................67
Strategies for Corrosion Control from E-pH Diagrams .............74
Limitations of E-pH Diagrams ....................................................76
The Kinetics of Aqueous Corrosion ..............................................77
Electrochemical Reactions...........................................................77
Mixed-Potential Theory ...............................................................79
Types of Polarization ...................................................................82
Applications of Mixed-Potential Theory Diagrams ...................88
Exchange Currents........................................................................95
CHAPTER 4: Forms of Corrosion: Recognition and Prevention.....99
Uniform Corrosion .......................................................................100
Pitting Corrosion...........................................................................102
Crevice Corrosion.........................................................................107
Tuberculation ..............................................................................114
Deposit Corrosion.......................................................................118
Filiform Corrosion......................................................................122
Poultice Corrosion......................................................................125
Galvanic Corrosion.......................................................................125
General Description....................................................................125
Galvanic Series ...........................................................................126
Polarization .................................................................................129
Factors Influencing Galvanic Corrosion Behavior...................129
Situations That Promote Galvanic Attack ................................130
Prevention of Galvanic Corrosion.............................................133
Erosion-Corrosion ........................................................................134
General Description....................................................................134
Critical Factors Influencing Erosion-Corrosion .......................137
Prevention of Erosion-Corrosion...............................................144
Cavitation ....................................................................................146
Fretting Corrosion ......................................................................149
Intergranular Corrosion ................................................................151
General Description....................................................................151
Intergranular Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels ............152
Intergranular Corrosion of Other Alloy Systems .....................155
Exfoliation ..................................................................................157
Dealloying Corrosion ...................................................................158
Dezincification............................................................................158
Graphitic Corrosion....................................................................162
Stress-Corrosion Cracking ...........................................................164
Corrosion Fatigue .........................................................................
...
CHAPTER 11: Corrosion Testing and Monitoring..............427
Classification of Corrosion Testing.............................................427
Purposes of Corrosion Tests ........................................................429
Steps in a Corrosion Test Program..............................................430
Preparation and Cleaning of Test Specimens .............................432
Specific Types of Laboratory Tests.............................................433
Simulated Atmosphere Tests .....................................................434
Salt-Spray Testing ......................................................................435
Immersion Tests .........................................................................438
Field Tests .....................................................................................441
Atmospheric Tests ......................................................................442
Electrochemical Tests...................................................................448
Electrochemical Test Classification ..........................................448
Reference Electrode ...................................................................449
Types of Electrochemical Measurements .................................451
Applications of Electrochemical Tests .....................................456
Corrosion Monitoring...................................................................467
Selecting a Corrosion-Monitoring Method...............................470
Strategies in Corrosion Monitoring...........................................472
CHAPTER 12: Techniques for Diagnosis of
Corrosion Failures .......................................................475
Factors That Influence Corrosion Failures .................................475
Analysis of Corrosion Failures ....................................................481
Collection of Background Data .................................................482
On-Site Examination ..................................................................483
On-Site Sampling .......................................................................483
Preliminary Laboratory Examination........................................484
Microscopic Examination ..........................................................485
Chemical Analysis......................................................................486
Bulk Material Analysis ..............................................................488
Nondestructive Evaluation.........................................................489
Corrosion Testing .......................................................................490
Mechanical Testing ....................................................................491
Analyzing the Evidence, Formulating Conclusions,
and Writing the Report...........................................................492
APPENDIX 1: Glossary of Corrosion-Related Terms .........497
Index ...................................................................................517

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