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CORROSION UNDERSTANDING THE BASIC
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CORROSION UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS Edited by J.R. Davis Davis & Associates Copyright 2000 by ASM International® All rights reserved Contents Preface ...................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1: The Effects and Economic Impact of Corrosion .....1 The Definition of Corrosion.............................................................2 The Effects of Corrosion ..................................................................3 The Many Forms of Corrosion.........................................................4 Methods to Control Corrosion .........................................................6 Material Selection...........................................................................6 Coatings...........................................................................................7 Inhibitors .........................................................................................8 Cathodic Protection ........................................................................8 Design..............................................................................................8 Opportunities in Corrosion Control.................................................9 The Economic Impact of Corrosion ..............................................10 Sources of Information...................................................................14 Appendix: Addresses of Trade Associations and Technical Societies Involved with Corrosion ..........................17 CHAPTER 2: Basic Concepts Important to Corrosion .........21 Behavior of a Metal in an Environment ........................................21 The Four Requirements of a Corrosion Cell.................................23 Metal Characteristics Important to Corrosion ..............................25 Metallurgical Characteristics .......................................................25 Inherent Reactivity .......................................................................35 Formation of Corrosion Products ................................................37 Important Solution Characteristics ................................................38 Corrosion Rate Expressions and Allowances ...............................45 CHAPTER 3: Principles of Aqueous Corrosion ....................49 The Thermodynamics of Aqueous Corrosion ...............................50 Corrosion Reactions and Free-Energy Change...........................50 Free Energy and Electrochemical Potential................................53 Tendency for Metals to Corrode..................................................55 Effect of Ionic Concentration on Electrode Potential ................56 Electromotive Force Series ..........................................................59 Galvanic Series .............................................................................60 Standard Electrode Potentials for Other Reactions ....................62 Potential-pH Diagrams: General Aspects ...................................62 Potential-pH Diagrams for Specific Metals................................67 Strategies for Corrosion Control from E-pH Diagrams .............74 Limitations of E-pH Diagrams ....................................................76 The Kinetics of Aqueous Corrosion ..............................................77 Electrochemical Reactions...........................................................77 Mixed-Potential Theory ...............................................................79 Types of Polarization ...................................................................82 Applications of Mixed-Potential Theory Diagrams ...................88 Exchange Currents........................................................................95 CHAPTER 4: Forms of Corrosion: Recognition and Prevention.....99 Uniform Corrosion .......................................................................100 Pitting Corrosion...........................................................................102 Crevice Corrosion.........................................................................107 Tuberculation ..............................................................................114 Deposit Corrosion.......................................................................118 Filiform Corrosion......................................................................122 Poultice Corrosion......................................................................125 Galvanic Corrosion.......................................................................125 General Description....................................................................125 Galvanic Series ...........................................................................126 Polarization .................................................................................129 Factors Influencing Galvanic Corrosion Behavior...................129 Situations That Promote Galvanic Attack ................................130 Prevention of Galvanic Corrosion.............................................133 Erosion-Corrosion ........................................................................134 General Description....................................................................134 Critical Factors Influencing Erosion-Corrosion .......................137 Prevention of Erosion-Corrosion...............................................144 Cavitation ....................................................................................146 Fretting Corrosion ......................................................................149 Intergranular Corrosion ................................................................151 General Description....................................................................151 Intergranular Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels ............152 Intergranular Corrosion of Other Alloy Systems .....................155 Exfoliation ..................................................................................157 Dealloying Corrosion ...................................................................158 Dezincification............................................................................158 Graphitic Corrosion....................................................................162 Stress-Corrosion Cracking ...........................................................164 Corrosion Fatigue ......................................................................... ... CHAPTER 11: Corrosion Testing and Monitoring..............427 Classification of Corrosion Testing.............................................427 Purposes of Corrosion Tests ........................................................429 Steps in a Corrosion Test Program..............................................430 Preparation and Cleaning of Test Specimens .............................432 Specific Types of Laboratory Tests.............................................433 Simulated Atmosphere Tests .....................................................434 Salt-Spray Testing ......................................................................435 Immersion Tests .........................................................................438 Field Tests .....................................................................................441 Atmospheric Tests ......................................................................442 Electrochemical Tests...................................................................448 Electrochemical Test Classification ..........................................448 Reference Electrode ...................................................................449 Types of Electrochemical Measurements .................................451 Applications of Electrochemical Tests .....................................456 Corrosion Monitoring...................................................................467 Selecting a Corrosion-Monitoring Method...............................470 Strategies in Corrosion Monitoring...........................................472 CHAPTER 12: Techniques for Diagnosis of Corrosion Failures .......................................................475 Factors That Influence Corrosion Failures .................................475 Analysis of Corrosion Failures ....................................................481 Collection of Background Data .................................................482 On-Site Examination ..................................................................483 On-Site Sampling .......................................................................483 Preliminary Laboratory Examination........................................484 Microscopic Examination ..........................................................485 Chemical Analysis......................................................................486 Bulk Material Analysis ..............................................................488 Nondestructive Evaluation.........................................................489 Corrosion Testing .......................................................................490 Mechanical Testing ....................................................................491 Analyzing the Evidence, Formulating Conclusions, and Writing the Report...........................................................492 APPENDIX 1: Glossary of Corrosion-Related Terms .........497 Index ...................................................................................517  截图01.jpg |
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