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1. Introduction
Palygorskite (PAL) is a sort of natural nano-scale layer-ribbon
hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate mineral. PAL exhibits particular
rod-like crystal microstructure with the length of 1–5 μm and
diameter of 20–100 nm. The special rod-like geometry generates
numerous nanopores parallel to the crystal rods, which endows PAL
with moderate cation exchange capacity, pore structure, large specific
surface area and adsorption properties. Thus, PAL has been widely
used in various fields including heavy metal ions and dyes adsorbent,
catalyst support, drug carrier, inorganic crosslinker as well as reinforcement
filler of polymer materials [1–8]. However, the rod-like
crystals of raw PAL prefer to aggregate as crystal bundles or aggregates
[9], which do not exhibit the nanometer characteristics.
Thus far, chemical modification and physical approaches have
been employed to dissociate and disperse crystal bundles of PAL
for improving its physical–chemical properties and extending its
application fields such as adsorbents and functional materials, etc.
[10–12]. Among these methods, physical approaches such as highshear
mixing, extrusion, grinding and ultrasonication [13–15] were1. Introduction
Palygorskite (PAL) is a sort of natural nano-scale layer-ribbon
hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate mineral. PAL exhibits particular
rod-like crystal microstructure with the length of 1–5 μm and
diameter of 20–100 nm. The special rod-like geometry generates
numerous nanopores parallel to the crystal rods, which endows PAL
with moderate cation exchange capacity, pore structure, large specific
surface area and adsorption properties. Thus, PAL has been widely
used in various fields including heavy metal ions and dyes adsorbent,
catalyst support, drug carrier, inorganic crosslinker as well as reinforcement
filler of polymer materials [1–8]. However, the rod-like
crystals of raw PAL prefer to aggregate as crystal bundles or aggregates
[9], which do not exhibit the nanometer characteristics.
Thus far, chemical modification and physical approaches have
been employed to dissociate and disperse crystal bundles of PAL
for improving its physical–chemical properties and extending its
application fields such as adsorbents and functional materials, etc.
[10–12]. Among these methods, physical approaches such as highshear
mixing, extrusion, grinding and ultrasonication [13–15] were1. Introduction
Palygorskite (PAL) is a sort of natural nano-scale layer-ribbon
hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate mineral. PAL exhibits particular
rod-like crystal microstructure with the length of 1–5 μm and
diameter of 20–100 nm. The special rod-like geometry generates
numerous nanopores parallel to the crystal rods, which endows PAL
with moderate cation exchange capacity, pore structure, large specific
surface area and adsorption properties. Thus, PAL has been widely
used in various fields including heavy metal ions and dyes adsorbent,
catalyst support, drug carrier, inorganic crosslinker as well as reinforcement
filler of polymer materials [1–8]. However, the rod-like
crystals of raw PAL prefer to aggregate as crystal bundles or aggregates
[9], which do not exhibit the nanometer characteristics.
Thus far, chemical modification and physical approaches have
been employed to dissociate and disperse crystal bundles of PAL
for improving its physical–chemical properties and extending its
application fields such as adsorbents and functional materials, etc.
[10–12].

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