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wchm7125金虫 (小有名气)
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要控制化学反应，使其向人们所期望的那样发生变化，涉及两个方面的课题：第一，在一定条件下反应能否发生？终点如何？既反应的方向和限度——化学平衡问题，第二，反应进行的快慢——反应速率问题。前者属于化学热力学的研究范畴，将在第四章中讨论。后者属于化学动力学的内容。本章介绍化学动力学的基础知识。首先介绍反应速率的概念，再从实验事实出发讨论影响反应速率的因素，提出活化能的概念，并从分子水平上予以说明，进而完成从宏观层面到微观层面对化学反应速率的认识过程，为深入研究化学反应及其应用奠定基础。 反应速率方程必须由实验确定。速率方程中物种浓度的指数（即反应级数 α，β）不能根据化学计量式中相应物种的计量数来推测，只能根据实验来确定。一旦反应级数确定之后，就能确定反应速率系数k。最简单的确定反应速率方程的方法是初始速率法。 对大多数化学反应来说，温度升高，反应速率增大，只有极少数反应是例外的。从反应速率方程可知，反应速率不仅与浓度有关，还与速率系数k有关。不同反应具有不同的速率系数；同一反应在不同的温度下有不同数值的速率系数。温度对反应速率的影响主要体现在温度对反应速率系数的影响上。通常温度升高，k值增大，反应速率加快。 |
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3楼2012-03-25 20:54:45
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wchm7125: 金币+30, 翻译EPI+1, ★★★很有帮助 2012-03-31 22:44:00
wchm7125: 金币+30, 翻译EPI+1, ★★★很有帮助 2012-03-31 22:44:00
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Controlling the chemical reaction and making it change as expected involve two aspects of the project, first,whether the reaction can take place ? where is the end ? In other words , it refers to the direction and the limitation of the reaction ---the chemical equilibrium problems. the second, the speed of response-reaction rate. The former are chemical thermodynamics's category, which will be discussed in chapter 4. The latter belongs to the content of the chemical dynamics. This chapter presents the basic knowledge of chemical kinetics. First we introduce the concept of the reaction rate, and discuss the factors that affect the reaction rate from experiment, then this paper puts forward the concept of the activation energy, and shall explain at the molecular level, and then finish cognition of chemical reaction rate from the macroscopic level to microcosmic level for further research and lay the foundation for the application of chemical reaction. The reaction rate equation must be determined by the experiment.The index of species (namely reaction series α, beta) can not be speculated by stoichiometric number , it can only be determined by experiments . Once the reaction series was determined,the reaction rate coefficient k can be determined . The simplest method of detemining reaction rate equation is the initial rate method. For most chemical reactions, the reaction rate increases with temperature, few reactions are exception. From the reaction rate equation, it is known that the reaction rate is not only connected with concentration but the coefficient k . The different responses have different rate coefficient; The same reaction in different temperature have different rate of coefficient values. The influence of temperature on the reaction rate are mainly embodied in the temperature on the influence of the reaction rate coefficient. Usually the reaction rate increases with temperature temperature and k value . |
6楼2012-03-29 21:25:54
