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Free N¨CH indoles can also be obtained from 2-alkynyltrifluoroacetanilides in the presence of CuI and 1,2-trans-cyclohexanediamine or PPh3 (Scheme 4). As observedwith the related palladium-catalyzed synthesis of indoles,thetrifluoroacetamido substituent plays a crucial role in promoting this transformation. Under the same conditions, moderate yields were obtained with 2-alkynylanilines or with the corresponding acetamido derivatives. Furthermore, the trifluoroacetamido group provides the additional advantage of being readily cleaved (the amide bond is broken during the reaction or/and the work-up) so as to allow for the formation of the free N¨CH pyrrole nuclei, avoiding troublesome and time-consuming deprotecting steps.The copper-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination protocol has been exploited to develop microwave-assisted solid-phase syn- theses of indoles. Under microwave irradiation,N-acyl-2-alkyl- 5-arenesulfamoylindoles have been obtained from resin-bound 2-alkynylanilides, after cleavage from the resin with trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane (Scheme 5).More recently, a linker containing a tripeptide unit with dual functions for anchoring the 2-alkynylanilide fragment onto a solid support and for promoting a copper-mediated heterocyclization has been developed (Scheme 6). N-Acyl chains contained in the indole derivative after cleavage can be easily removed upon exposure to pyrrolidine, which results in an indirect traceless20 solid-phase synthesis. The effect of the tripeptide unit on the cyclization step has been explained by a metal-catching (via formation of a Cu(II) complex through the amide carbonyl oxygen donors) and activation mechanism (via chelation of the copper ion with the neighboring alkyne fragment) (Fig. 1). |
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