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conanthird

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The cycle of leptospiral infection. Mammalian species excrete leptospiral pathogens in their urine and serve as reservoirs for their transmission. The pathogens are maintained in sylvatic and domestic environments by transmission among rodent species. In these reservoirs, infection produces chronic, asymptomatic carriage. Leptospires can then infect livestock and domestic and wild animals and cause a range of disease manifestations and carrier states. Maintenance of leptospirosis in these populations is due to their continued exposure to rodent reservoirs or to transmission within animal herds. Leptospirosis is transmitted to humans by direct contact with reservoir animals or by exposure to environmental surface water or soil that is contaminated with their urine. Leptospires penetrate abraded skin or mucous membranes, enter the bloodstream and disseminate throughout the body tissue. Infection causes an acute febrile illness during the early ‘leptospiraemic’ phase and progresses during the late ‘immune’ phase to cause severe multisystem manifestations such as hepatic dysfunction and jaundice, acute renal failure, pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome, myocarditis and meningoencephalitis. Although the immune response eventually eliminates the pathogens, leptospires may persist for prolonged periods in immunoprivileged sites, such as the renal tubules and the anterior chamber and vitreous humor of the eye, where they can produce, respectively, urinary shedding weeks after resolution of the illness and uveitis months after exposure. Humans are an accidental host and do not shed sufficient numbers of leptospires to serve as reservoirs for transmission.

[ Last edited by conanthird on 2010-12-3 at 10:18 ]

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张军帅

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conanthird(金币+20, 翻译EPI+1):谢谢，翻译的蛮好的。 2010-12-03 12:56:39

钩端螺旋体感染的周期
哺乳类动物通过尿液排泄钩端螺旋体致病原，并作为传送该病原的宿主。该致病菌通过在啮齿动物中传播一直存在于森林和家养环境中。在这些宿主里，感染是慢性无症状性的。然后钩端螺旋体感染家畜和野生动物，并引发一系列的疾病临床表现和带菌状态。钩端螺旋体在这些种群中的维持是由于它们持续接触啮齿类动物或者是在动物牧群传播。人类通过与带菌动物接触或者是接触到周围被带菌动物的尿液污染的地表水或表面土壤，也可被传播至身上。钩端螺旋体渗透损伤的皮肤或者粘膜通过身体组织进入血液循环，在早期的钩端螺旋病里感染可以引起患者急性发热并且在后来的免疫反应里发展为严重的多系统临床表现如肝功能缺陷，黄疸，急性肾衰竭，肺出血并发症，心肌炎以及脑膜脑炎等。虽然免疫反应最终会消除该致病原，钩端螺旋体还是可能会在缺乏免疫的部位持续很长一段时间，比如说肾小管，眼前房和玻璃体，这些部位，在机体感染该病数周后，可以各自的分泌类尿的液体。人类是偶然宿主，并不具有足够数量的钩端螺旋体来传播

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