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sunmlw

铁杆木虫 (著名写手)

[交流] 考研英语写作大攻略

短文写作只有一题，占20分。考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。要求内容切题，表达清楚，意义连贯，语言比较规范。
　　1． 内容切题。指的是审题准，不跑题。扣不准题或是文不对题均会严重影响成绩；
　　2． 表达清楚。指的是语言要简洁，准确，说理清楚，读者能从内容明白作者的意图；
　　3． 意义连贯。文字连贯，语言流畅，层次分明才能使意义表达完整。要使文章意义连贯必须具有一定运用的技能，包括较强的语感，遣词造句能力和文章组织能力。
　　4． 语言规范。指的是要符合英语的表达习惯，语法错误少，语言基本功扎实，写出的文章不是中式英语。
　　考生应能：
　　1． 做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；
　　2． 遵循文章的特定文体格式；
　　3． 合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；
　　4． 根据写作目的的特定读者，恰当选用语言。
　　内容导航：
　　第一章 评分标准及考生存在的问题分析
　　第二章 作文出题的题材类型
　　第三章 作文高分标准
　　第四章 如何进行选词
　　第五章 如何写好句子
　　第六章 段落的写作
　　第七章 文章的完成
　　第八章 英语作文常用句型

第一章 评分标准及考生存在的问题分析

　　短文写作评分标准是根据内容、文字、句子和用词来制定的，近几年的评分标准如下（供考生参考）：
　　写作：1题，20分。
　　本题采用通篇分档计分，计分标准如下：
　　20－17分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容：清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。
　　16－13分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容；比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。
　　12－9分：内容切题，基本包括题中所列三方面的内容：基本清楚地表达其内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。
　　8－5分：内容基本功题，基本包含题中所列三方面的内容；语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。
　　4－1分：基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。
　　0分：文不切题，语句混乱、无法理解。
　　从20份考卷抽样分析，考生的写作成绩并不理想。要想写出一篇高分作文须具备两个条件：
　　一是扎实的英语语言基础，二是掌握一定的写作技巧。否则在40分钟之内完成一篇200字的优秀作文是难以思议的。
　　●一篇好的作文应基本达到：
　　1. 有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句不当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求；
　　2. 语法基本正确；
　　3. 句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯；
　　4. 有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；
　　5. 说理清楚，内容充实。
　　●一篇较差的作文表现为：
　　1． 文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；
　　2． 出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；
　　3． 词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；
　　4． 不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。
　　通过对考生试卷所有作的抽样分析，我们总结出考生主要存在一步到位问题：
　　1．不会审题。很多考生在着手做写作题时并无审题和构思的概念，有的担心时间不够，有的则是无从下笔，结果不是文不对题就是时间己过半，只好草草收场。
　　2． 用汉语思维，逐字翻译。有的考生对英语词造句无把握，便用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译英语，结果是非驴非马，无法理解。
　　3． 用词搭配不当。英语语言是一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭配，包括动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语等，例如（花费很多时间做某事）“spend much time in…”不能改成“take much time in…”。词与词之间固定搭配是由历史形成的，有的看起来不符合逻辑，但却是地道用法。
　　4． 词汇量小，拼写困难。部分学生能在写作中运用的词汇量太少，有的知道用法但拼写不出来，结果　只能用中文取而代之，成绩自然不会理想。
　　5． 句子逻辑关系混乱。部分考生因受汉语结构的影响，对句子中主谓及状语之间的位置安排不妥，造成逻辑混乱。例如：
Our English class often told stories.
应改为：We often told stories in our English class.
　　6. 不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。关联词起过渡作用，使上下句子和段落合理，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，同时结构严谨，文章紧凑。例如：
People lean English to use it , Some learn it so study or work abroad . Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用适当关联词，改进为:people learn English for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.
　　7. 语法错误。语法错误主要表现为：
　　i. 分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise和raise; hear和listen等
　　ii. 被动与主动语态的误用，例如：interesting和interested; speaking和spoken 等；
　　iii. 词类混淆，将动词或形容词误作名词用，将名词和动词误作形容词用等；例如：benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased等。
　　iv. 混淆可数名词与不可数名词，例如:help, practice 等。
　　v. 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：a English book, should did, must done等。
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sunmlw

铁杆木虫 (著名写手)
第七章 文章的完成

　　第一节　　作文写作文体

　　对于考生来说，了解一点作文考试常用的文体知识很有必要。文章文体一般分为叙述文（Narration）、议论文（Argumentation）、说明文（Exposition）和描写文（Description）。在实际写作中，这几种文体常常交叉使用，相辅相成，但主体仍以一种为主，其他为辅。从考研作文试题情况来看，主要为议论文，出题形式常常是针对某一事物或现象让考生提出自己的看法。
　　议论文（Argumentation）
　　作者对某一问题或事件直接间接地进行分析评论，表明自己的立场、观点、态度、主张，这就是议论。它常常用于学术论文，各种评论、短文、杂文、辩论等方面，应用广泛。
　　议论文的写作要注意三个要素：1.提出论点；2.组织论据，进行论证；3.得出结论。常的论证方法包括夹议法、举例法、比较对照当、因果法、逻辑推量法（包括归纳法和演绎法）。可以从正在论证，也可以用反证进进行反驳。例如：
　　Example 1
　　Television-the Wonder of Electronics
　　论点　　 As an art, television brings theatre and other cultural events into home. Its influence on the life of average people is incalculable :it can influence their thoughts, their likes and.
　　组织论据　dislikes, their speech, and even their dress. As an industry, TV provides.
　　进行论证　jobs for hundreds of thousands who make TV sets and broadcasting equipment. It also provides work for actors, technicians, and others who put on programs, In addition, it can add to people’s store of knowledge. Education TV stations offer teaching in various subjects ranging from home nursing to art appreciation Through advertising, TV helps business and manufacturers sell their products to millions of persons.
　　得出结论　So TV the modern wonder of electronics, not only bring the world into home in sight and sound, also bring some other benefits to people.
　　Example1
　　Physical Exercise and Mental Advantage
　　论点　　　Physical exercise develops will.
Nobody can succeed at anything if the does not put his will.
　　以列举法　into it. A man, who wishes to lift 300 pounds, can
　　组织论据 do it, if he has a strong will. Some long
　　进行论证　distance runners win after practicing day after day, year after year . A great many athletes get good reputation through nothing but a strong will which helps them realize their goals.
　　论点　　　Physical exercise develops judgment. There are many people who unable to make decision when
　　以列举法　matters come to them. This is due to the fact that
　　组织论据　their judgment is not sound. An expert runner knows
　　进行论证　when he should run faster and when slower. A table tennis player can use different strategies to defeat his opponent.
　　论点　　　Physical exercise develops self-confidence. Many persons do not trust themselves. As things come before
　　以列举法　them, they usually hesitate, not knowing whether of not
　　组织论据　they have the ability to perform them. So a great deal
　　进行论证　of time is usually wasted and matters are left unattended. This is because these people have no self-confidence. An expert athlete believes that he has had great ability in a certain sport and that he can compete with others in that sport. He does not hesitate and try his best to win the championship.
　　得出结论　Thus we see will, judgment and self-confidence can be developed by physical exercise.
　　(从上面两例我们可以看出，作者以段落主题句提出论点，以扩展句组织论扭，进行论证，以结尾句进行总结，得了结论。这与前面所说的段落发展方法是一致的。)

　　第二节 文章段落的句子的“启、承、转、合”

　　在一篇文章中，各自然段，各句子都为文章的中心思想服务，各段落之间，句子与句子之间存在着某种逻辑关系。文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头“承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结，一篇文章与一段文章一样都有“启、承、转、合”关系。例如
　　Ways to Buy Things
　　
　　开头段(启) In daily life, people need to buy thing and　services. Some people to prefer pay money for what they need. Other people trade goods for what they need.
　　Each of the two ways has its advantages.
　　As we all know, money is a convenient means of exchange. First of all, it is easy to carry about, easy to transfer from one person to another, from one place to
　　扩展段(承)another. When we go shopping we needn’t carry loads of
goods with us. Another advantage to paying money for the things people need is that
money enables people to measure correctly the values of all kinds of goods and services: tea, milk, salt, matches, furniture, dishes, cloth, automobiles, houses, the time and energy spent by a doctor or farmer or engineer on his work, the skill possessed by workers and specialists of different kinds. In addition, money can easily be stored in a safe place for use at some future time without loss in its value.
However, there are cases in which people have to trade goods for the things they need, For example, a person
　　扩展段(转) who needs something badly and happens to be penniless, what
should he do? A good solution for him is to trade the goods he has for the things he needs. For another example, a person needs something and its owner is reluctant to sell it unless he gets the thing he wants. In such case, the person has to trade goods for what he needs. In direct transaction of goods, the real value of the goods transacted is not measured in terms of money but by the buyer’s appreciation of the goods. The price of the goods is usually lower because no service or any other person is involved.
　　结尾段(合)As for me, I prefer to pay money for the things I need,
because I have money and I have no goods to trade for other goods.
　　1.段落连接
　　(1)“启”，常用于引导文章开头的过度词有：
It is often said that…
Generally speaking…
As the proverb says…
It goes without saying that…
It is clear/obvious that…
Mary people often ask …
　　(2)“承”，常用于第一年扩展段开渡词有：
It is true that…
Everybody know that…
It can be easily proved that…
No one can deny that…
One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…
The chief reason why …is that …
We must recognize that…
There is no doubt that…
I am of the opinion that…
This can expressed as follows…
To take…for an example (instance) …
Therefore we should realize that …
We have reason to believe that…
We know that…
What is more serious is that…
　　(3)“转”，常用于第二个扩展段开头的过渡词有：
Another special consideration in this case is that …
Besides, we should not neglect that…
However, …
But the problem is not so simple, …
Therefore…
But it is a pity that…
On the other hand, …
I do not believe that…
Perhaps you’ll ask why…
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…
Though we are in basic agreement with …
The trouble seems that…
Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…
So long as you regard this as reasonable, you many…
　　(4)“合”，常用结尾段的过度词有：
In a word, …
In sum, …
In conclusion, …
From this point of view, …
On account of this we can find that …
The result is dependent on …
Therefore, these findings reveal the following information…
Thus, this is the reason why we must…
　　2.句子连接
　　(1)“启”
in the first place at present
currently it goes without saying that
lately first
first of all now
presently firstly
generally recently
in the beginning to begin with
to start with in general
　　(2)“承”
after a few days after a while
also at any arte
at the same time besides
by this time certainly
consequently for example
for instance for this purpose
from now on furthermore
in addition in addition to…
in fact in other words
in particular in the same manner
incidentally indeed
meanwhile moreover
no doubt obviously
of course particularly
second secondly
similarly so
soon still
then third
thirdly truly
unlike… what is more
　　(3)“转”
after all all the same
anyway at the same time
but by this time
conversely despite…
especially… fortunately
however in other words
in particular in spite of…
in the same way likewise
luckily nevertheless
no doubt not withstanding …
on the contrary on the other hand
otherwise perhaps…
unfortunately unlike…
whereas… yet
nonetheless as a matter of fact
　　(4)“合”
above all accordingly
as a consequence as a result
as has been noted as I have said
at last at length
by and large briefly
by doing so consequently
eventually finally
hence in brief
in conclusion in short
on the whole therefore
thus to speak frankly
to sum up to summarize
indeed surely
to conclude obviously
certainly truly
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sunmlw

铁杆木虫 (著名写手)
第二章 作文出题的题材类型

　　从历年作文试题的出题范围来分析，其题材一般均贴近生活，要求写作的知识范围均为考生所熟悉，容易取材，具有一定可写性。但写作形式均为控制性写作，题材类型分为几类：标题作文、提纲作文、图表作文、规定情景式作文及综合型作文等。例如：

　　一、主题句作文
　　主句作文也称为段首句作文，要求考生在每段所给主题句基础上加以扩展，完成段落，再由段落组成文章。主题句作文是目前较常用的一种出题方式，它不像一般正规文章那样要求具有开头段和结尾段，一般只给出三句主题句，所以属于一种简单的三段式作文。
　　Example 1
　　Title: Dictionary……
　　(1) The dictionary is a living teacher
　　(2) Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries. ……
　　(3) But you should have one thing in mind……

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Dictionary
　　The dictionary is living teacher. Whenever you come across a new word, just consult it and you will get a clear definition. Every student, whether attending school or self-taught, should always have a dictionary at hand. As a study aid, it is convenient, inexpensive and all-knowing.
　　Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries The more you use them, the more familiar you will become with them. Sooner or later, you will be quite skilled in finding the page, scanning the entries and locating the exact meaning of the new words.
　　But you should have one thing mind. As a language student, you should never depend too much on dictionaries. Basic language skill do not come from dictionaries, but from your practice. Learn the language by listening, speaking, reading and writing more, and that is the only way to the mastery of a language.

　　Example2
　　Title: The Computer
　　(1) The computer is a wonderful machine
　　(2) Computers play an important role in our life
　　(3) However, many scientists don’s think that computers will replace us completely.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　The Computer
　　The computer is a wonderful machine. It is the most important invention in many years.
　　Today it is used a great deal in various fields. Especially, it is useful in automatic control and data processing. And now it is finding its way into the home.
　　Computers play an important role in our life. They can do most of things people can do They can give you information on buying and selling things. Provide you with suggestion of how to deal with certain illness and how to solve the problems you are faced with. There is no doubt that people can live much easier with the help of the computers.
However, many scientists don’t think that computers will replace us completely. No matter how clever they may become, computers are no more that an extension for human brain.

　　二、提纲式作文
　　提纲式作文为考生提供了题目与一个简单的写作提纲，将考生的写作控制在一定范畴。
　　它要求考生紧扣题目主题，并根据提纲提示的思路和要点展开段落。由于提供的写作提纲一般也为三段，所以考生也可以按照三段式作文将简单的提纲展为主题句，再按照主题句作文的写作方法将文章写成。

　　Example
　　Title: The Telephone
　　Outline: 1. A useful tool
　　2. How to use it
　　3. The improvement of its use

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　The Telephone
　　The telephone is an efficient means of communication, which enables people to talk with each other over long distances. If you are overseas and your family is left behind, you may miss them now and then . Besides fishing out their photos, you can dial a long distance call and send your love to them. For business with another company, the telephone is the most convenient means for you to turn to. It saves much of your travel.
　　It is easy to learn how to use a telephone. First, take the receiver off the hook. Then listen for the dial tone . You can begin to dial the number you want when you hear a long steady signal. If you hear a rapid series of very short tones after dialing, the phone is “busy”. Each town has special emergency numbers for the fire department and police station, which are often listed in the front of the telephone directory.
　　People have mdae much improvement in telephone. For example, they can record telephone talks on tapes, use a radio telephone on a moving car or see the speaker by using the vision telephone.

　　三、图表式作文
　　图表式作文可综合提供题目、数据、图像、提纲，形式多样，是一种控制性和应用性更强的作文的出题方式，从写作类型来看，基本上属于说明文。考生要围绕题目并将有关信息转化为文字形式，这要求考生具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力，同时运用一定的写作方法。考研试题一般以三段式写作方法来组织文章，第一段总结归纳信息反映的总的情况，点出主题思想，第二段回答第一段所得出的问题，对数字、数据等信息作出有条理的分析比较，第三段作出总结或给以简单评论。
　　Example1
　　Directions: Write a composition no Changes in People’s Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information giver in the table. Write three paragraphs to:
　　(1) State the changes in people’s diet in the past five years;
　　(2) Give possible reasons for the changes;
　　(3) Draw your own conclusions.
　　You should quote as few figures as possible.


　　　　　　　　　　　　Changes in People’s Diet
　　Diet is very important in people’s life . From 1987 to 1990. people’s diet changed a lot . Grain was no longer regarded as the main food. And as the proportion of fruit and vegetables declined, the consumption of milk and meat increased.
　　What caused these changes? There are two reasons. One is that with the development of science, people began to realize the importance of maintaining a balanced diet. The other is that people had more money to spend and could afford more expensive food. They tried to change their low-priced diet into a more varied one. They were eager to build up a strong body by improving their living standards.
　　With the development of our economy and the improvement of our food supply, further changes will take place in people’s diet.

　　Example2
　　Directions: Write a composition based on the charts of the average family expenses in the United Stated. The opening sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full composition.
The opening sentence: The average family income in the United States increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985.



　　　　　　　　　　　The Average Family Expenses
　　The average family income in the United States has increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985. In the meantime, the structure of the average family expenses has changed, too. These graphs show the change clearly.
　　The biggest part of the average family expenses was housing. In 1980, the average family spent 25 percent of its income on housing. In 1985, expenses on housing rose to 32 percent. Food and drink were the second biggest part of the average family expenses .In 1980, about 18% of the average income was spent on this item. In 1985, the figure grew to 22%. As a result of such increase in the expenses on housing and food, expenses on other items have been reduced from 57% in 1980 to 46% in 1985.
　　Thus, a conclusion can be drawn that as income increases, people can improve their living step by step. But still the average family has to spend a large part of income to meet the essential needs.

　　四、规定情景式作文
　　情景式作文也是一种控制作文出题方式，它一般不给标题，但规定了具体的情景，考生须从情景信息中找到所写文章的中心思想，在此基础上确定文章的标题和段落结构。在写作过程中，考生应按照情景中规定的范围和条件结合自己的经验和知识来休会、想象和发展段落，但不能脱离情景自由发挥。要注意文章的发展必须合乎逻辑情理，段落之间的衔接要连贯和自然。

　　Example
　　Situation: Students have different ways to spend their summer vacations, and you decide to take your summer vacation with your family in the countryside. Your feeling is quite different with the life in the city, so you think about it deeply.
　　A. Time limit: 40 minutes
　　B. Word limit: no less than 150 words
　　C. You essay should be written on the ANSWER SHEET II

　　　　　　　　　　How I Spend My Summer Vacation
　　Our summer vacation begins on July 15th and lasts nearly two months. Considering that my brain needs rest after a period of hard work, I, together with my family, went to our countryside, a very small farmhouse handed down from our forefathers, to spend the summer, Obviously, life in the country is very different from that in the city.
　　Early in the morning I took a stroll along the field side. The air was fresh and pure. With a dog following, sometimes I ran a race in the meadows covered with tall grass. Sometimes I climbed up the hill to see the sun slowly yet steadily emerge out of the eastern horizon. The birds also seemed to have awakened from their dreams, twittering restlessly among the bushes. In order to appreciate the quietness of the country, I gave myself entirely to among the bushes. In order to appreciate the quietness of the country, I gave myself entirely to nature, with a light heart and a happy mind.
　　Sometimes in the afternoon I, in company with my cousins, took a rod and went to the river to fish. It made the household happy when they saw me returning with a basketful of large fresh fish. When night came, I would sit at the door and tell the most marvelous and interesting stories to my cousins, who listened to the tale of wonder with open eyes and mouth.
　　I wish I could enjoy such calm, pure and beautiful rural life forever.
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sunmlw

铁杆木虫 (著名写手)
第三章　　作文高分标准

　　一、 内容切题，包括提纲的全部内容
　　作文的高分标准首先是要切题。许多考生认为作文题己有要求和提纲，按题目写作不会出问题。但事实往往并非如此，许多考生仍然跑题或扣不准题。有的考生辞不达意，有的考生主题不突出，还有的考生照搬照抄，结果文不对题。
所谓的切题指不偏离主题，提纲的所有内容都是围绕主题来展开的。
　　Example
　　Title: Good Health
　　Outline: 1. Importance of good health
　　2. Ways to ensure a good health
　　文章的主题很显然是谈论健康问题，同时是围绕健康的重要性和怎样保持健康的身体两方面来谈论的。有的考生未经仔细审题便匆匆落笔，结果将文章写成“健康与财富”，不能满足评分标的第一项要求。一篇较好的文章如下：

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Good Health
　　Good health is the best reassurance a person can possess. The world, with all its attractions and wonders, is open to those who have wealth, but they cannot enjoy it unless they have good health. It is very difficult for a man, no matter how rich, powerful or learned he may be, to be happy without good health. But if he enjoys good health, a poor and humble man can be happy. There is no doubt, therefore, that“Good health is the best wealth”
　　The human body is wonderful engine .It is far more delicate than a locomotive .Everyone must be the engineer and fireman of his own body. If well maintained, If it is out of order, its master will suffer. There are a number of useful rules which will ensure good health if people follow them.
　　Cleanliness-The body needs to be kept clean. It should be washed at least once a week in winter and once a day in summer.
Fresh air- One of the chief constituents of the air is oxygen, which is necessary for life. We ought to see that our rooms are always full of fresh air.
　　Food-Care should be taken that the food is wholesome and suited to the constitution.
　　Exercise-The muscle must be all kept exercised, although not to excess.
Sleep-The hours of sleep are very valuable, during which the mind is kept as calm and peaceful as possible. We cannot have good health unless the brain be renewed by sleep.

　　所以一开始短文写作，考生应注意以下几个方面：
　　1．认真审题。先分析题目所包含的内容和信息，把握住出题者的意图，确定文章属于哪一种体裁，思考表达文体和写作手法，以能将主题思想完美表达出来。然后仔细阅读作文要求、提纲或其他相关内容（如图表、图画、数字说明等），注意抓住题目和提纲中的关键词及提纲要点之间的衔接和逻辑关系，进一步考虑怎样组织段落来突出主题。以下面的试题为例：
　　（1） Money is regarded by some people as the most important thing in life…
　　（2） But money can not buy everything…
　　（3） There are people who gamble or cheat to obtain money…

　　对于这类试题，由于标题和每段的主题句都己具备，考生要注意的就是在题目所提示的主题思想基础上，按照各段主题句关键作出的提示和思想进行深入的论述和发挥。很明显，本文属于议论文题材，需要考生发表议论和看法。要注意的是，第一段中“some people”提示论述的是别人的观点，而第二段和第三段谈论的才是自己的观点和看法。如果在阅读要求时不认真，审题不仔细，就会把第一段也写成自己的观点，结果使第二段和第一段的不能自衔接，在逻辑上也出现混乱。

　　2．组织段落，构思选材。段落围绕主题来展开，但各个段落也有主题句和段落中心。主题句即本段的论点，围绕论点提供论据抓住了段落中心，而句子之间或段落之间的承上启下，过渡连贯，句型逻辑等也要同进考虑，对于材料的取舍也应该胸有成竹，避免下笔时无章可循，离题万里。例如：
　　Advertising
　　(1) Nowadays advertisements are found everywhere
　　(2) Advertisements fill almost every minute of a day
　　(3) No one can avoid being influenced by ads.

　　从标题和三段主题句的提示中可以看出，主题思想己很明确，从体裁来看，本文属于叙述文，对生活中的一些事实进行陈述，同时附带自己的看法。文章为三段式结构，段首句均为主题句，要注意找出句子的关键词，它们分别为：第一段主题句中是“everywhere”；第三段主题句中是“every minute”;第三段主题句中为“no one can avoid”。每段主题句之后的扩展句均要围绕这些关键词来展开和发挥，同时考生要注意控制每段字数。

　　二、表达清楚，意义连贯
　　表达清楚包含三方面的内容，一是叙述要清楚，一目了然；二是作者的遣词造句要得当，过渡要连贯平稳；三是主题明确，论点论据展开合理（以时间、过程、空间、详情、列举、概括、对比、因果、分类、定义、发展高潮或综合等方法来展开）。
　　下面这段文章表达不清楚，意义也不连贯：
　　Finding information in a library can be very confusing. There are so many reference books. Their functions are not always clear. One good place to start looking for facts is the card catalogue, and also, the librarian is always ready to answer questions.
　　经改进
　　Finding information in a library can be very confusing. Although there are so many reference books, their functions are not always clear. One good place to start looking for facts is the card catalogue. Also, the librarian is always ready to answer question.

　　三、句式有变化　
　　有的考生从头到尾使用简单句，使整个文章变得平淡无味，一看就是初学者水平。
　　句式有变化指的是一定的意义要用合适的句型来表达，它包含两层意思：一是采用适当的句型来表达内容，包括简单句、并列句、复合句、主动被动句、长句、短句、疑问句、插入语、独立成份等：二是句子之间的逻辑关系要合理，包括并列关系、因果关系、递进关系、转折关系、解释关系、概括关系、顺序关系、让步关系、对比关系、转换关系等（翻译篇中也有所介绍），这些逻辑关系均有适当的关联词（过渡词）来连接，如表示因果关系的就是有accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore , thus, so, in consequence, as a result等。

　　只有在句式上有了变化，才能谈得成为一篇好文章。试比较下面的例子：
　　Example
　　原文: I will never drive a car again.（简单句）I had an accident today.(简单句)I was
　　driving up Fourth Avenue.（简单句）I saw a bright yellow car.(简单句) It was driven by a little old lady.（简单句）She obviously did not see the stop sign.（简单句）I could not stop in time.（简单句）She ran right into me.（简单句）Then she called me a“young hoodlum（流氓）。”（简单句）
　　本文由九个简单组成，读起来单调无味，毫无感染力。
　　改进: I will never drive a car again.（简单句） I had an accident today when I was driving up Fourth Avenue.（复合句）I saw a bright yellow car which was driven by a little old lady.（复合句）She obviously did not see the stop sign, and I could not stop in time.（并列句）She ran right into me. Then she called me a “young hoodlum”.(简单句)
　　原文经改进，句式有了较大的变化，由“简单句、复合句、复合句、并列句、简单句、简单句”这样的顺序组成，读起来觉得内容特别，令人回味，效果完全不一样。

　　四、语言合乎规范
　　语言规范含遣词与造句两方面内容。遣词的标准是：选词准确，词能达意，具体形象，用词丰富，语法正确同时符合英语表达习惯。造句的标准是：句式变化多样，意义与结构完整，意思连贯，逻辑合理，语法正确，同时符合习惯和固定用法。
遣词要注意修辞，避免多次重复同一词汇，可考虑适当使用代词、同义词、近义词、关联词，使表达有变化。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。
造句要避免清一色“主＋谓＋宾”结构，适当采用倒装、强调、被动、长短句、疑问句、反问句、复合句、并列句等各种句型，同时要注意尽量使用自己熟悉和有把握的句型。有的考生由于语言基本功不扎实，在写作中便经常出现病句或中文式英语。例如：
　　误：His right arm was broken and could not take part in the game.
　　正：His right arm was broken and he could not take part in the game.
(当and 连接的两个谓分属不同的主语时，and 后谓语的主语不可省略。)
　　误：What did we learn in youth can never be forgotten.
　　正：What we learned in youth can never be forgotten.
（当how, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, who, why用引导主语从句时，从句中应用自然语序，不要与特殊疑问句的语序相混。）
　　误：They have sufficient enough food and water to last them two weeks.
　　正：They have sufficient/enough food and water to last them two weeks.
（sufficient和enough同义，均表示“足够的”，不可同时修饰同一中心词。）
以上错误在考试作文中常见，考生平常写作训练中应加以纠正，避免考试时出现。要　　在40分钟内完成一篇达到要求的高分作文，考生应根据自己的实际情况，参照下列步骤和时间来进行：
　　1. 审题与构思（8－10分钟）
　　2. 展开段落（20－25分钟）
　　3. 检查与修改（5－8分钟）
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sunmlw

铁杆木虫 (著名写手)
第四章　　如何进行选词

　　对于一些我们认为很熟悉的词，当把它放到句子中时却发现把握不定。由于英语中同义词和近义词异常丰富，同义词之间的意义也有细微的差别，在不同的语言环境中意义还会有所变化。所以你要找到最表达自己的意思的词，就一定不要简单地使用首先想到的词。
　　短文写作的用词是否得当主要应考虑其对文章是否能产生预期的效果，通常应注意以下几点：
　　一、 选用通俗易懂的词
　　考研词汇表中的词汇均为常用词，如果能把这些常用词较熟练地应用到写作中，文章就非常不错。有的考生别出心裁地使用了一些华丽的词藻，结果让评卷人看了反而觉不伦不类，效果适得其反。常用词通俗易懂，直接明了，不常用的一些所谓高级词则抽象难懂，意思难以捉摸，对于考生来说应尽量避免，例如：

常用词 非常用词
make manufacture
buy  purchase
ask interrogate
finish accomplish
begin commence
end  terminate
use utilize
love affection
agree accord
discussion controversy
tell inform
enough  sufficient
speed velocity
car  vehicle
live dwell
open unclose
put  dispose
choice alternative

　　二、 区分具体与抽象的词
　　词从语义上可分以具体与抽象两种类别，例如：
　　　　　　　　　　　　　

抽象 具体
good kind, honest, just, generous
warm-hearted, selfless, friendly
laugh smile, chuckle, snigger.
Titter, chuckle, snigger.
Scientist physicist, biologist, chemist.
Fish shark, turbot, salmon, perch, eel.  
Tree shrub, bush, pollard, oak,
Beech, plane, pine, willow.

　　抽象词意范围大，概括力强，但给人以空洞的感觉，适合于文章的开头和结尾等总结性部分。具体词意义有针对性、个性和精确性，给人以确切的概念，适合用于段落中细节的刻画，论点的阐述以及事物的描写。如果用抽象的词来表达具体的事物，便会给人笼统的感觉：
　　a. 抽象: The man is good.
　　　 具体: The man is selfless.
　　b. 抽象: There are three man in the room.
　　　 具体: There are three little boys in the room.
　　c. 抽象: Mr. Wang is an educator
　　　 具体: Mr. Wang is a history teacher.

　　三、选词要有变化
　　在一篇短文如果同一词汇，特别是动词、副词、形容词，被重复使用，就会使文章读起来单调无味，显得考生词汇量贫乏。英语以同义丰富为特点，用词多样化是必要的修辞手段。常用的用词技巧如：
　　1．善于使用同义词，例如：
　　She is not a friend but a nodding acquaintance.
　　He lived in a small town, and he can never forget the little town where he spent his happy childhood.
　　2．善于使用代词，例如：
　　A scientist draws conclusions by studying the facts he collects.
　　Such symbols as are used to represent chemical elements should be firmly kept in mind.

第五章 如何写好句子

　　从遣词到造句，从造句到段落，一篇文章才能完成，每个句子和段落都有一写的规律可循，都有自己的写作技巧。
　　有的考生写出的文章、句子、语法结构与用词均无太大毛病，但仍然得不到高分，主要原因是句式缺少变化。正如前面所述，如果文章中简单句用得太多，文章便显得无生气，也说明考生英语水平还待提高。下面是造句注意的几个问题：
　　一、避免语法方面的错误
　　1.　结构不完整，例如：
　　　误：We congratulated to him.
　　　正：We congratulated him.
　　　误：Do you like listening to other people to talk?
　　　正：Do you like listening to other talk？
　　2.混淆词义，例如
　　　误：He raised to greet us (raise举起)
　　　正：He rose to greet us.(rise起立)
　　　误: I laid in bed all morning.(lay/laid, laid放)
　　　正：I lay in bed all morning.(lie/lay, lain躺)
　　3．累赘，例如：
　　　原句：In China, Some cities are seriously polluted, and some cities are being polluted.
　　　改进：In China, Some cities are seriously polluted, some being polluted.
　　4.词性误用，例如：
　　　误：Good conditions is very benefit.
　　　正：Good conditions are very beneficial.
　　　误：They don’t feel nerves.
　　　正：They don’t feel nervous.
　　5． 主谓不一致，例如
　　　误：Statistics are a branch of mathematics.
　　　正：Statistics is a branch of mathematics.
　　　误：The variety of pictures at this exhibition please me.
　　　正：The variety of pictures at this exhibition pleases me.
　　6． 动名词与不定式的误用，例如：
　　　误：I hope visiting Beijing again.
　　　正：I hope to visit Beijing again.(hope不接动名词)
　　　误：I ’d rather staying where I am.
　　　正：I’d rather stay where I am.(would rather 要接省略to 的不定式)

　　二、注意句子的完整性
　　一个句子必须完整，就是说在意义和结构上都是完整的，以完整的结构来表达完整的意思，试比较
　　意义不完整：July is the hottest time of the year, and my birthday comes in this month.
　　改进: I was born in the hottest month of the year, July.
　　意思不完整：Mexico City is great and cosmopolitan, with a fine university and ultramodern architecture, and I hope to go there this summer.
　　改进：Mexico City is great and cosmopolitan, with a fine university and ultramodern architecture, I hope to go there this summer.
　　句子的结构完整表现的语法结构上无毛病，试比较：
　　结构不完整：English is a language, language is something used to communicate with other people.
　　改进：English is a language which is used to communicate.
　　结构不完整：A good English class is the all students can speak.
　　改进：A good English class is one in which all the students can speak.

　　三、注意句子的连贯性
　　句子的连贯性是指句子中的词和各组成分非常合理的连接起来，使意思表达非常清楚。试比较：
　　不连贯：He likes to sing, to swim, and table-tennis.
　　改进: He like to sing, to swim, and to play table-tennis.
　　不连贯: He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.
　　改进: He was knocked down by a bicycle but was not seriously hurt.
　　时间不连贯: He left the library when his paper is written,
　　改进：He left the library when he had written his paper.

　　四、注意句子的变化性
　　句子的变化性指的是同一种意义可以通过各种变化的句型来表达。一篇文章要使人觉得内容丰富，语言生动有力，就应交叉使用长句、短句、简单句、复合句、并列句、疑问句等，达到形式与内容的统一。例如：
　　1． 简单句型的转换：
　　原句：Victoria is a garden city, with one of the most delightful climates in the world.
　　变化1.A garden city, with one of the most delightful climates in the world, is Victoria.
　　变化2.Victoric, a garden city, has one of the most delightful climates in the world.
　　原句：She knew German very well.
　　变化1.She had a good command of German.
　　变化2.She had a good knowledge of German.
　　2. 复杂句型的转换
　　原句: They struggled forward. They were exhausted. Their steps were dragging, They had to push on.
　　变化: Exhausted, they struggled forward, their steps dragging, but they had to push on.
　　原句: Nothing here indicates where this information came from.
　　变化：There is no indication here where this information came from.
　　3.表现一段文章中的句子变化：
　　Hearing that Russia emphasizes foreign language,(现在分词短语作状语)we have suddenly increased our own offerings.(现在完成的时句型)But too seldom have our schools analyzed our needs.(转折和倒装句例)One school had re-established Latin; another has introduced conversational French for infants.(分号构成两个对比和平行的结构)Seldom have they asked whether Latin and French are as imperative as knowledge of Moslem customs or religion,(倒装结构与后面结构反对)or what languages are needed and for what needs.(what引导名词从句构成问)

　　五、注意句子的扩展性
　　英语中所有结构复杂的句子都是由基本句型扩展而生成的，由基本的陈述句型转成疑问句、感叹句、祈使句、被动句、倒装句等。在基本句型的基础上添加各种修饰成分便使句子得到了扩展，正如村干长出了大枝、小枝、树叶、花朵和果实。试比较：
　　基本句：He grew up.
　　扩展句：Born in a small town in South China in 1937, he grew up to be musician.
　　基本句：The moon was hidden.
　　扩展句：The moon was hidden entirely behind the dark clouds and not a single star could be seen.
　　扩展句可使文章内容具体、更生动、更有活力，但要根据具体情况加以采用。
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