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| Also, the crystalline phase of manganese-based oxides can be identified to some extent, the broad absorption band at around 585 cm−1 for EMD shows that this EMD sample is mainly ¦Ã-MnO2 [29]. Two weak shoulders at around 711 cm−1 and 532 cm−1 suggest a possible presence of some ¦Á-MnO2 [30]. In the case of EMD300, the absorption at around 658, 609 and 527 cm−1 suggests that this sample contains ¦Â-MnO2 phase. In the case of EMD500 sample, the absorption at around 674, 600 and 532 cm−1 also suggests that it contains ¦Â-MnO2 phase [31]. The slightly low frequency shift for the most intense band of EMD500 (band at round 600 cm−1), compared with that of EMD300 ((band at round 609 cm−1), suggests that EMD500 contains some low-valent Mn ions and/or O vacancies. The sharp peaks at round 669, 574 and 525 cm−1 in Fig. 3(d) are attributed to the vibrations of Mn¨CO bonds in ¦Á-Mn2O3 phase [32]. As shown in Fig. 3(e), EMD900 shows the adsorption peaks at round 633, 526, 475 and 420 cm−1, which indicate the formation of Mn3O4 [33]. The evolution of the interactions between manganese and oxygen upon heating is attributed to the lattice reorganization accompanying both dehydration and deoxylation process. |
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