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[资源] 英语考试阅读题技巧探究 [转帖]

阅读题在大学英语四级考试中一直占有重要的地位。在单题分值上，阅读的一道题就占到2分，这是听力、词汇题所无法比拟的。而在卷面总体结构中，阅读20道题要占到总分值的40%，在新题型的分值结构中虽然有所下降，但依然保持着类似的比例。这样，如何做好阅读题就是考生必须要面对的一个问题。

阅读题之所以占有如此重要的地位，与教育部门对我国实行英语教育的最终目的是息息相关的。在大学生中实施英语教育，目的是服务社会，使考生在进入社会、踏上工作岗位后可以运用英语工具了解国外信息、学习国外先进的内容，从而促进自身工作更好的进行。这样的话，阅读理解英文信息就变得非常重要，而口语听力、词汇语法就相对来说次要一些，因为在工作中使用口语听力在某些岗位不可或缺，但总体看来并不具有普遍性，而在实际阅读英文资料时，不认识的单词、不懂的语法是可以查阅相关英语工具解决的。反过来，如果理解上出了错误，很有可能会直接造成工作上的失误。近年来口语听力的重要性增加，这与我国国际交流更为频繁有关，但并没有改变英语阅读在社会工作中的中心作用。

教育部门对我国实行英语教育的这一最终目的，决定了阅读理解题面材料的选择倾向。既然英语阅读服务于社会工作，那么考试中的阅读题就会更多地选择文论性、说明性、时政性的文章作为材料，而较少考虑文学作品，尽管后者更接近语言的本质，更能体现英语水平，毕竟，文学作品本身体现出更多的是娱乐性而不是实用性。

如2007年12月的四级阅读，2篇阅读中一篇讲述的是家庭教育，一篇讲述的网络教育，而快速阅读则选择了一篇有关大学发展的文章。6月份的阅读题一篇介绍了写作方法，属于说明文，另一篇讲述的是个人经历，应该说是不常出现的个人写作风格较浓的一篇，但文中讨论的内容同样是社会问题。

文论性材料与文学作品的区别就在于它的每个句子、段落都是被作者精心组织起来，为了支撑某种观点服务的。而在考题中考查的往往就是整篇文章、各个段落、句子、甚至单词在文中的真实含义、作者使用它们的目的等等。

按照这个思路，阅读题大体可以分为四类，即全篇理解题，段落理解题，句子理解题和单词理解题。

全篇理解题指解答时需要纵观全篇、综合考虑才能选出答案的题目，这类题一般是一篇阅读的最后一道题，形式主要包括给文章选择题目、行文风格如何等。如2000年1月的四级25题，即是问作者的行文基调，而选择合适题目的题在四六级和考研英语试题中屡见不鲜，常年出现。这类题目的解答需要考生在通读全篇文章的基础上，综合文中散布的各种信息，总体分析、权衡之后做出选择。

段落理解题是对某个段落所呈现出的信息、观点的理解判断题。题目往往要结合整个段落或其大部分内容才能解答，有时跨度较大，但一般不超过2个段落。题目经常是“从第几段可以推论出……”这类题出现的几率很高，如2007年12月的四级58题，题目问的是作者对自己的写作经历谈了什么，四个选项所涉及的内容涵盖了整个段落，要排除错误选项，必须扩大观察跨度，不能只盯一处。

句子理解题是对文中某个句子的理解分析，这类句子往往是长句，或者涵盖的信息量大，或结构复杂，或暗含某种特别意义，较难理解。如2006年12月的四级58题，题目考查的就是对“My dog could tell the difference between bottled and tap water”一句的理解。

单词理解题考查对文中出现的某个单词的理解，这个单词一般为大纲以外的难词，或在文中有引申义或特指的单词，或者是作者临时自造的词。如2006年12月四级59题问fancier brands，2007年6月六级55题问disposable american的意思，即是有特指的词。猜词题需要结合上下文的含义，从逻辑上判断其在文中的实际作用，进而判断出大概含义。

阅读题的题目设置存在这样一个规律，即全篇文章一般在5个段落上下，5个题目往往依照次序考查第一至第五段中的内容；有的文章段落较短、较多，可以把两个小段看做是一个大段；除了“选择题目”之类的题外，一个题目涉及的范围一般不超出一个大段以外。这样在做题时，为了节省时间，实际上不需要首先通读全篇，可以直接看题目。第一题考查的必定是第一段的内容，看完第一题后可以直接去第一段里寻找相应的内容，做出判断。第二、三、四段依次如此，这样到了第5题，即使出现选择题目之类的题，也已经基本把全文读完，可以作答了。

当然这样也可能会出现一个问题。有的时候文章较难，仅看一段无法弄懂某些句子或单词的意思，或者偶尔没有遵照上文所述的规律出题，答题时也就无从下手。这时需要多读几个段落，一直到弄懂意义不很清楚的地方为止。即便是读完了全篇，实际上也并没有损失什么。

Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has fund that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt (困扰) you—appears to be the key to the finding.

Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.

His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication.

But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.

People are also more likely to lie in real time—in a instant message or phone call, say—than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous (脱口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “Do you like my dress?”

Hancock hopes his research will help companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium foe sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given his result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

57. Hancock’s study focuses on ________.

A) the consequences of lying in various communications media

B) the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas

C) people are less likely to lie in instant messages

D) people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media（D）

58. Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that ________.

A) people are less likely to lie in instant messages

B) people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions

C) people are most likely to lie in email communication

D) people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations（A）

59. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?

A) They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.

B) They believe that honesty is the best policy.

C) They tend to be relaxed when using those media.

D) They are most practised at those forms of communication.（A）

60. According to Hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because ________.

A) salesmen can talk directly to their customers

B) salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate

C) salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy

D) salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively（B）

61. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

A) honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications

B) more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees

C) suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes

D) email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company（C）

Passage Two
I don’t ever want to talk about being a woman scientist again. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like to work in a field dominated by men. I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never found them interesting. What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe, the shape of space-time and the nature of black holes.

At 19, when I began studying astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to be the only woman in the classroom. But while earning my Ph.D. at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing space research, the issue started to bother me. My every achievement—jobs, research papers, awards—was viewed through the lens of gender (性别) politics. So were my failures. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.

Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don’t talk about that anymore. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn’t want to deal with gender issues. Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist? After all, I don’t study sociology or political theory.

Today I research and teach at Barnard, a women’s college in New York City. Recently, someone asked me how may of the 45 students in my class were women. You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer, 45. I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientific research and a desire for children. And I don’t dismiss those concerns. Still, I don’t tell them “war” stories. Instead, I have given them this: the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments. And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science. And that’s a sight worth talking about.

62. Why doesn’t the author want to talk about being a woman scientist again?

A) She feels unhappy working in male-dominated fields.

B) She is fed up with the issue of gender discrimination.

C) She is not good at telling stories of the kind.

D) She finds space research more important.（B）

63. From Paragraph 2, we can infer that people would attribute the author’s failures to ________.

A) the very fact that she is a woman

B) her involvement in gender politics

C) her over-confidence as a female astrophysicist

D) the burden she bears in a male-dominated society（A）

64. What did the author constantly fight against while doing her Ph.D. and post-doctoral research?

A) Lack of confidence in succeeding in space science.

B) Unfair accusations from both inside and outside her circle.

C) People’s stereotyped attitude toward female scientists.

D) Widespread misconceptions about nature and nurtured.（C）

65. Why does the author feel great satisfaction when talking about her class?

A) Female students no longer have to bother about gender issues.

B) Her students’ performance has brought back her confidence.

C) Her female students can do just as well as male students.

D) More female students are pursuing science than before.（D）

66. What does the image the author presents to her students suggest?

A) Women students needn’t have the concerns of her generation.

B) Women have more barriers on their way to academic success.

C) Women can balance a career in science and having a family.

D) Women now have fewer problems pursuing a science career.

Passage Three
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.

Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.

The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.

Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.

Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through you available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

57. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” (Line 4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means ________.

A) no one can be both creative and critical

B) they cannot be regarded as equally important

C) they are in constant conflict with each other

D) one cannot use them at the same time（D）

58. What prevents people from writing on is ________.

A) putting their ideas in raw form

B) attempting to edit as they write

C) ignoring grammatical soundness

D) trying to capture fleeting thoughts（B）

59. What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?

A) To organize one’s thoughts logically.

B) To choose an appropriate topic.

C) To get one’s ideas down.

D) To collect raw materials.（C）

60. One common concern of writers about “free writing” is that ________.

A) it overstresses the role of the creative mind

B) it takes too much time to edit afterwards

C) it may bring about too much criticism

D) it does not help them to think clearly（B）

61. In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?

A) It refines his writing into better shape.

B) It helps him to come up with new ideas.

C) It saves the writing time available to him.

D) It allows him to sit on the side and observe.（A）

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[ Last edited by ruleiwang on 2008-9-8 at 19:44 ]

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