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[资源] An Introduction to Thermal Physics

An Introduction to Thermal Physics
Daniel V. Schroeder
Department of Physics
Weber State University

Part I: Fundamentals

Chapter 1: Energy in Thermal Physics

1.1
      Thermal Equilibrium
1.2
      The Ideal Gas
      Microscopic Model of an Ideal Gas
1.3
      Equipartition of Energy
1.4
      Heat and Work
1.5
      Compression Work
      Compression of an Ideal Gas [problems]
1.6
      Heat Capacities
      Latent Heat; Enthalpy
1.7
      Rates of Processes
      Heat Conduction; Conductivity of an Ideal Gas; Viscosity; Diffusion

Chapter 2: The Second Law

2.1
      Two-State Systems
      The Two-State Paramagnet
2.2
      The Einstein Model of a Solid
2.3
      Interacting Systems
2.4
      Large Systems
      Very Large Numbers; Stirling's Approximation;
      Multiplicity of a Large Einstein Solid;
      Sharpness of the Multiplicity Function
2.5
      The Ideal Gas
      Multiplicity of a Monatomic Ideal Gas; Interacting Ideal Gases
2.6
      Entropy
      Entropy of an Ideal Gas; Entropy of Mixing;
      Reversible and Irreversible Processes

Chapter 3: Interactions and Implications

3.1
      Temperature
      A Silly Analogy; Real-World Examples
3.2
      Entropy and Heat
      Predicting Heat Capacities; Measuring Entropies;
      The Macroscopic View of Entropy
3.3
      Paramagnetism
      Notation and Microscopic Physics; Numerical Solution;
      Analytic Solution
3.4
      Mechanical Equilibrium and Pressure
      The Thermodynamic Identity; Entropy and Heat Revisited
3.5
      Diffusive Equilibrium and Chemical Potential
3.6
      Summary and a Look Ahead

Part II: Thermodynamics

Chapter 4: Engines and Refrigerators

4.1
      Heat Engines
      The Carnot Cycle
4.2
      Refrigerators
4.3
      Real Heat Engines
      Internal Combustion Engines; The Steam Engine
4.4
      Real Refrigerators
      The Throttling Process; Liquefaction of Gases;
      Toward Absolute Zero

Chapter 5: Free Energy and Chemical Thermodynamics

5.1
      Free Energy as Available Work
      Electrolysis, Fuel Cells, and Batteries; Thermodynamic Identities
5.2
      Free Energy as a Force toward Equilibrium
      Extensive and Intensive Quantities; Gibbs Free Energy
      and Chemical Potential
5.3
      Phase Transformations of Pure Substances
      Diamonds and Graphite; The Clausius-Clapeyron Relation;
      The van der Waals Model
5.4
      Phase Transformations of Mixtures
      Free Energy of a Mixture; Phase Changes of a Miscible Mixture;
      Phase Changes of a Eutectic System
5.5
      Dilute Solutions
      Solvent and Solute Chemical Potentials; Osmotic Pressure;
      Boiling and Freezing Points
5.6
      Chemical Equilibrium
      Nitrogen Fixation; Dissociation of Water; Oxygen Dissolving
      in Water; Ionization of Hydrogen

Part III: Statistical Mechanics

Chapter 6: Boltzmann Statistics

6.1
      The Boltzmann Factor
      The Partition Function; Thermal Excitation of Atoms
6.2
      Average Values
      Paramagnetism; Rotation of Diatomic Molecules
6.3
      The Equipartition Theorem
6.4
      The Maxwell Speed Distribution
6.5
      Partition Functions and Free Energy
6.6
      Partition Functions for Composite Systems
6.7
      Ideal Gas Revisited
      The Partition Function; Predictions

Chapter 7: Quantum Statistics

7.1
      The Gibbs Factor
      An Example: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
7.2
      Bosons and Fermions
      The Distribution Functions
7.3
      Degenerate Fermi Gases
      Zero Temperature; Small Nonzero Temperatures;
      The Density of States; The Sommerfeld Expansion
7.4
      Blackbody Radiation
      The Ultraviolet Catastrophe; The Planck Distribution; Photons;
      Summing over Modes; The Planck Spectrum; Total Energy;
      Entropy of a Photon Gas; The Cosmic Background Radiation;
      Photons Escaping through a Hole; Radiation from Other Objects;
      The Sun and the Earth
7.5
      Debye Theory of Solids
7.6
      Bose-Einstein Condensation
      Real-World Examples; Why Does it Happen?

Chapter 8: Systems of Interacting Particles

8.1
      Weakly Interacting Gases
      The Partition Function; The Cluster Expansion;
      The Second Virial Coefficient
8.2
      The Ising Model of a Ferromagnet
      Exact Solution in One Dimension; The Mean Field Approximation;
      Monte Carlo Simulation

* * *

Appendix A: Elements of Quantum Mechanics

A.1
      Evidence for Wave-Particle Duality
      The Photoelectric Effect; Electron Diffraction
A.2
      Wavefunctions
      The Uncertainty Principle; Linearly Independent Wavefunctions
A.3
      Definite-Energy Wavefunctions
      The Particle in a Box; The Harmonic Oscillator;
      The Hydrogen Atom
A.4
      Angular Momentum
      Rotating Molecules; Spin
A.5
      Systems of Many Particles
A.6
      Quantum Field Theory

Appendix B: Mathematical Results

B.1
      Gaussian Integrals
B.2
      The Gamma Function
B.3
      Stirling's Approximation
B.4
      Area of a d-Dimensional Hypersphere
B.5
      Integrals of Quantum Statistics

Suggested Reading
Reference Data

Index

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