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[×ÊÔ´] An Introduction to Thermal Physics

An Introduction to Thermal Physics
Daniel V. Schroeder
Department of Physics
Weber State University


Part I: Fundamentals

Chapter 1: Energy in Thermal Physics

    1.1
        Thermal Equilibrium
    1.2
        The Ideal Gas
        Microscopic Model of an Ideal Gas
    1.3
        Equipartition of Energy
    1.4
        Heat and Work
    1.5
        Compression Work
        Compression of an Ideal Gas [problems]
    1.6
        Heat Capacities
        Latent Heat; Enthalpy
    1.7
        Rates of Processes
        Heat Conduction; Conductivity of an Ideal Gas; Viscosity; Diffusion

Chapter 2: The Second Law

    2.1
        Two-State Systems
        The Two-State Paramagnet
    2.2
        The Einstein Model of a Solid
    2.3
        Interacting Systems
    2.4
        Large Systems
        Very Large Numbers; Stirling's Approximation;
        Multiplicity of a Large Einstein Solid;
        Sharpness of the Multiplicity Function
    2.5
        The Ideal Gas
        Multiplicity of a Monatomic Ideal Gas; Interacting Ideal Gases
    2.6
        Entropy
        Entropy of an Ideal Gas; Entropy of Mixing;
        Reversible and Irreversible Processes

Chapter 3: Interactions and Implications

    3.1
        Temperature
        A Silly Analogy; Real-World Examples
    3.2
        Entropy and Heat
        Predicting Heat Capacities; Measuring Entropies;
        The Macroscopic View of Entropy
    3.3
        Paramagnetism
        Notation and Microscopic Physics; Numerical Solution;
        Analytic Solution
    3.4
        Mechanical Equilibrium and Pressure
        The Thermodynamic Identity; Entropy and Heat Revisited
    3.5
        Diffusive Equilibrium and Chemical Potential
    3.6
        Summary and a Look Ahead

Part II: Thermodynamics

Chapter 4: Engines and Refrigerators

    4.1
        Heat Engines
        The Carnot Cycle
    4.2
        Refrigerators
    4.3
        Real Heat Engines
        Internal Combustion Engines; The Steam Engine
    4.4
        Real Refrigerators
        The Throttling Process; Liquefaction of Gases;
        Toward Absolute Zero

Chapter 5: Free Energy and Chemical Thermodynamics

    5.1
        Free Energy as Available Work
        Electrolysis, Fuel Cells, and Batteries; Thermodynamic Identities
    5.2
        Free Energy as a Force toward Equilibrium
        Extensive and Intensive Quantities; Gibbs Free Energy
        and Chemical Potential
    5.3
        Phase Transformations of Pure Substances
        Diamonds and Graphite; The Clausius-Clapeyron Relation;
        The van der Waals Model
    5.4
        Phase Transformations of Mixtures
        Free Energy of a Mixture; Phase Changes of a Miscible Mixture;
        Phase Changes of a Eutectic System
    5.5
        Dilute Solutions
        Solvent and Solute Chemical Potentials; Osmotic Pressure;
        Boiling and Freezing Points
    5.6
        Chemical Equilibrium
        Nitrogen Fixation; Dissociation of Water; Oxygen Dissolving
        in Water; Ionization of Hydrogen

Part III: Statistical Mechanics

Chapter 6: Boltzmann Statistics

    6.1
        The Boltzmann Factor
        The Partition Function; Thermal Excitation of Atoms
    6.2
        Average Values
        Paramagnetism; Rotation of Diatomic Molecules
    6.3
        The Equipartition Theorem
    6.4
        The Maxwell Speed Distribution
    6.5
        Partition Functions and Free Energy
    6.6
        Partition Functions for Composite Systems
    6.7
        Ideal Gas Revisited
        The Partition Function; Predictions

Chapter 7: Quantum Statistics

    7.1
        The Gibbs Factor
        An Example: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
    7.2
        Bosons and Fermions
        The Distribution Functions
    7.3
        Degenerate Fermi Gases
        Zero Temperature; Small Nonzero Temperatures;
        The Density of States; The Sommerfeld Expansion
    7.4
        Blackbody Radiation
        The Ultraviolet Catastrophe; The Planck Distribution; Photons;
        Summing over Modes; The Planck Spectrum; Total Energy;
        Entropy of a Photon Gas; The Cosmic Background Radiation;
        Photons Escaping through a Hole; Radiation from Other Objects;
        The Sun and the Earth
    7.5
        Debye Theory of Solids
    7.6
        Bose-Einstein Condensation
        Real-World Examples; Why Does it Happen?

Chapter 8: Systems of Interacting Particles

    8.1
        Weakly Interacting Gases
        The Partition Function; The Cluster Expansion;
        The Second Virial Coefficient
    8.2
        The Ising Model of a Ferromagnet
        Exact Solution in One Dimension; The Mean Field Approximation;
        Monte Carlo Simulation

* * *

Appendix A: Elements of Quantum Mechanics

    A.1
        Evidence for Wave-Particle Duality
        The Photoelectric Effect; Electron Diffraction
    A.2
        Wavefunctions
        The Uncertainty Principle; Linearly Independent Wavefunctions
    A.3
        Definite-Energy Wavefunctions
        The Particle in a Box; The Harmonic Oscillator;
        The Hydrogen Atom
    A.4
        Angular Momentum
        Rotating Molecules; Spin
    A.5
        Systems of Many Particles
    A.6
        Quantum Field Theory

Appendix B: Mathematical Results

    B.1
        Gaussian Integrals
    B.2
        The Gamma Function
    B.3
        Stirling's Approximation
    B.4
        Area of a d-Dimensional Hypersphere
    B.5
        Integrals of Quantum Statistics

Suggested Reading
Reference Data

Index
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