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Free Calculus(A Liberation from Concepts and Proofs) ÁÖȺ_2008
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Free Calculus(A Liberation from Concepts and Proofs) Qun Lin(ÁÖȺ) Chinese Academy of Sciences, China _2008 Contents Preface vii 0. Calculus in Terms of Images: 1 0.1. HillBehaviorandSlope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0.2. Hill Height and Slope: Unconstructive Tangent Formula . . . . . 2 0.3. ReviewforFT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0.4. Hillside Length and Slope: Pythagoras Theorem . . . . . . . . . . 9 0.5. Area andSlope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0.6. ExplainingAll ofCalculus in aSingleFigure . . . . . . . . . . . 11 0.7. Calculus andNovels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1. Official Calculus: 15 1.0. ACase:Height andSlopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.1. Translating into Function Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.2. Generalized First Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.3. Generalized Second Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1.4. Rules ofDifferentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.4.1. Arithmeticofderivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.4.2. Derivatives of rational functions and trigonometric functions 36 1.4.3. Derivatives of composite functions and inverse functions . 37 1.5. Tables ofDerivativesandIntegrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1.6. Rules of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.7. ACalculusNet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 1.8. Taylor¡¯sSeries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.9. Euler¡¯sFormula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 1.10. PossibleGeneralizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2. Differential Equations of First Order 51 2.1. ASimplestDifferentialEquation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.2. Varieties ofSimplestDifferentialEquation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.2.1. Thetest equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.2.2. Lineardifferentialequation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.2.3. Separableequation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.3. MoreGeneralEquations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.4. Tests forEuler¡¯sAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.5. GeneralEuler¡¯sAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3. Differential Equations of Second Order 59 3.1. Initial Value Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.2. EigenvalueProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.3. Boundary Value Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.4. WeakEquation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.5. FiniteElementSolutionandInterpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.6. Generalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.7. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.1. Function Spaces, Norms, and Triangle Inequality . . . . . . . . . 73 4.2. Angle and Schwartz¡¯s Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.3. Inner Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.4. Orthogonality and Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.5. Different Inner Products and Norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.6. AbstractCalculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Appendix 83 Calculus of Functional Analysis Becomes Elementary Algebra 85 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 2. Derivative Definition Becomes an Elementary Inequality . . . . . 85 3. Fundamental Theorem Becomes Another Elementary Inequality . 86 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Bibliography 89 |
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