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Fundamental.Processes.in.Ecology.An.Earth.Systems.Approach
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Contents Preface vii Part I. Introduction 1. Introducing the thought experiment 3 1.1. The entangled bank 3 1.2. The entity approach 4 1.3. A process-based approach 6 1.4. Gaian effect 10 1.5. Overview 12 Part II. The fundamental processes 2. Energy flow 17 2.1. The second law of thermodynamics 17 2.2. Schrödinger, entropy, and free energy 17 2.3. Sources of free energy 21 2.4. Maximum entropy production and planetary ecology 21 2.5. Overview 23 3. Multiple guilds 24 3.1. The importance of waste 24 3.2. The requirement for multiple guilds 27 3.3. Parasites and predators 30 3.4. Parasites introduce a potentially important mechanism for density-dependent regulation 34 3.5. Other effects of parasites 38 3.6. Overview 39 4. Tradeoffs and biodiversity 40 4.1. The problem of biodiversity 40 4.2. Tradeoffs illustrated by human sporting performance 43 4.3. Tradeoffs in ecology 44 4.4. Tradeoffs and biodiversity 49 4.5. The Gaian effect of biodiversity 50 4.6. Overview 55 5. Ecological hypercycles—covering a planet with life 57 5.1. Darwin’s earth worms 57 5.2. Hypercycles in ecology 57 5.3. Covering a planet with life 60 5.4. Why would persistent restricted ecologies be unlikely? 61 5.5. The end of life on a planet 64 5.6. Overview 67 6. Merging of organismal and ecological physiology 68 6.1. From beavers to planetary ecology 68 6.2. Daisyworld 69 6.3. Examples of the role of life in planetary physiology on Earth 74 6.4. The importance of biomass, an illustration from the Earth’s past 77 6.5. Biomass and Gaia 79 6.6. Overview 81 7. Photosynthesis 82 7.1. Quantification and mysticism in the seventeenth century 82 7.2. The diversity of photosynthesis on Earth 83 7.3. Photosynthesis and the Earth System 86 7.4. Oxygen and the Earth System 87 7.5. Is photosynthesis a fundamental process? 93 7.6. Overview 95 8. Carbon sequestration 96 8.1. Carbon sequestration and landscape change in northwest England 96 8.2. A tale of two cycles: the short- and long-term carbon cycles 97 8.3. The role of life: from geochemical cycles to biogeochemical cycles 100 8.4. The co-evolution of plants and CO2 on Earth 104 8.5. Oxygen and carbon sequestration on Earth 105 8.6. Humans and carbon sequestration 106 8.7. Carbon sequestration as a fundamental process 112 8.8. Overview 114 x Contents Part III. Emerging systems 9. Nutrient cycling as an emergent property 117 9.1. The paradox of the Goldfish 117 9.2. Tradeoffs and in vitro evolution 118 9.3. The emergence of biogeochemical cycles 119 9.4. Cycling ratios and biotic plunder 120 9.5. Overview 123 10. Historical contingency and the development of planetary ecosystems 124 10.1. Carus and the thunder bolt: chance and change in history 124 10.2. Historical contingency and ecology 125 10.3. Historical contingency and the Earth System 128 10.4. Overview 129 11. From processes to systems 131 11.1. An Earth Systems approach to ecology 131 11.2. Cybernetics, regulation, and Gaia 134 11.3. Rotten apples: a conceptual model of the evolution of Gaia 134 11.4. Conservation biology and the Earth System 137 11.5. Concluding remarks 139 Glossary 142 References 150 Index 173 |
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