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[资源] Fundamental.Processes.in.Ecology.An.Earth.Systems.Approach

Contents
Preface vii
Part I. Introduction
1. Introducing the thought experiment 3
1.1. The entangled bank 3
1.2. The entity approach 4
1.3. A process-based approach 6
1.4. Gaian effect 10
1.5. Overview 12
Part II. The fundamental processes
2. Energy flow 17
2.1. The second law of thermodynamics 17
2.2. Schrödinger, entropy, and free energy 17
2.3. Sources of free energy 21
2.4. Maximum entropy production and planetary ecology 21
2.5. Overview 23
3. Multiple guilds 24
3.1. The importance of waste 24
3.2. The requirement for multiple guilds 27
3.3. Parasites and predators 30
3.4. Parasites introduce a potentially important
mechanism for density-dependent regulation 34
3.5. Other effects of parasites 38
3.6. Overview 39
4. Tradeoffs and biodiversity 40
4.1. The problem of biodiversity 40
4.2. Tradeoffs illustrated by human sporting performance 43
4.3. Tradeoffs in ecology 44
4.4. Tradeoffs and biodiversity 49
4.5. The Gaian effect of biodiversity 50
4.6. Overview 55
5. Ecological hypercycles—covering a planet with life 57
5.1. Darwin’s earth worms 57
5.2. Hypercycles in ecology 57
5.3. Covering a planet with life 60
5.4. Why would persistent restricted ecologies be unlikely? 61
5.5. The end of life on a planet 64
5.6. Overview 67
6. Merging of organismal and ecological physiology 68
6.1. From beavers to planetary ecology 68
6.2. Daisyworld 69
6.3. Examples of the role of life in
planetary physiology on Earth 74
6.4. The importance of biomass, an illustration
from the Earth’s past 77
6.5. Biomass and Gaia 79
6.6. Overview 81
7. Photosynthesis 82
7.1. Quantification and mysticism in the seventeenth century 82
7.2. The diversity of photosynthesis on Earth 83
7.3. Photosynthesis and the Earth System 86
7.4. Oxygen and the Earth System 87
7.5. Is photosynthesis a fundamental process? 93
7.6. Overview 95
8. Carbon sequestration 96
8.1. Carbon sequestration and landscape change in
northwest England 96
8.2. A tale of two cycles: the short- and
long-term carbon cycles 97
8.3. The role of life: from geochemical cycles to
biogeochemical cycles 100
8.4. The co-evolution of plants and CO2 on Earth 104
8.5. Oxygen and carbon sequestration on Earth 105
8.6. Humans and carbon sequestration 106
8.7. Carbon sequestration as a fundamental process 112
8.8. Overview 114
x Contents
Part III. Emerging systems
9. Nutrient cycling as an emergent property 117
9.1. The paradox of the Goldfish 117
9.2. Tradeoffs and in vitro evolution 118
9.3. The emergence of biogeochemical cycles 119
9.4. Cycling ratios and biotic plunder 120
9.5. Overview 123
10. Historical contingency and the development of
planetary ecosystems 124
10.1. Carus and the thunder bolt:
chance and change in history 124
10.2. Historical contingency and ecology 125
10.3. Historical contingency and the Earth System 128
10.4. Overview 129
11. From processes to systems 131
11.1. An Earth Systems approach to ecology 131
11.2. Cybernetics, regulation, and Gaia 134
11.3. Rotten apples: a conceptual
model of the evolution of Gaia 134
11.4. Conservation biology and the Earth System 137
11.5. Concluding remarks 139
Glossary 142
References 150
Index 173

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附件 1 : 0198568460.Oxford.University.Press.USA.Fundamental.Processes.in.Ecology.An.Earth.Systems.Approach.Oct.2006.pdf

2015-05-05 00:13:48, 3.97 M