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Supramolecular Polymers: Historical Development, Preparation,Characterization, and Functions¹²35Ò³ ÒýÎÄ297ƪ
Liulin Yang , Xinxin Tan , Zhiqiang Wang , and Xi Zhang *
Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
DOI: 10.1021/cr500633b
Supramolecular polymers, originating from the integration of polymer science and supramolecular chemistry, have been a rapidly developing interdisciplinary research area. In the broad sense, the term ¡° supramolecular polymers ¡± can be de fi ned as any type of assembly formed from one or more molecular components via reversible bonds.However, to avoid confusion, a limited de fi nition regarding supramolecular polymers as ¡° polymeric arrays of monomeric units that are held together by highly directional and reversible noncovalent interactions, resulting in polymeric properties in solution and bulk ¡± is more explicit and recommended. A variety of noncovalent interactions (e.g., multiple hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, host − guest interactions, and aromatic stacking) have been employed as driving forces to construct supramolecular polymers.

Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Driving Forces for Supramolecular Polymers
2.1. Multiple Hydrogen Bonds
2.1.1. Hydrogen-Bonding Arrays
2.1.2. Hydrogen-Bonded Supramolecular Polymers
2.2. Metal-Coordination Bonds
2.2.1. Ligands and Metal Ions
2.2.2. Counterions
2.2.3. Stoichiometric Ratio
2.3. Host¨CGuest Interactions
2.3.1. Cyclodextrin-Based Supramolecular Polymers
2.3.2. Cucurbit[8]uril-Based Supramolecular Polymers
2.3.3. Crown Ether-Based Supramolecular Polymers
2.3.4. Calixarene-Based Supramolecular Polymers
2.3.5. Pillararene-Based Supramolecular Polymers
2.4. Aromatic Donor¨CAcceptor Interactions
2.5. Multiple Driving Forces
3. Supramolecular Polymers with Branch-like and Hyperbranch-like Topology
3.1. Supramolecular Dendrimers
3.2. Supramolecular Hyperbranched Polymers
4. New Strategies for Controllable Supramolecular Polymerization
4.1. Polymerization of a Supramonomer
4.2. Self-Sorting Controlled Supramolecular Polymerization
4.3. Stimulus-Controlled Supramolecular Polymerization
4.4. Living Supramolecular Polymerization
5. Characterization of Supramolecular Polymers
5.1. Size Exclusion Chromatography
5.2. Viscometry
5.3. NMR Spectroscopy
5.4. AFM-Based Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy
5.5. Light Scattering
5.6. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
5.7. Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation
5.8. Other Methods
6. Application of Supramolecular Polymers
6.1. Optoelectronic Materials
6.2. Supramolecular Self-Healing Materials
6.2.1. Self-Healing Materials Based on Multiple Hydrogen Bonding
6.2.2. Self-Healing Materials Based on Metal-Coordination Bonding
6.2.3. Self-Healing Materials Based on ¦Ð¨C¦Ð Interactions
6.3. Biomedical Applications
7. Conclusions and OutlookChem. Rev.×îÐÂ×ÛÊö£º³¬·Ö×Ó¾ÛºÏÎï ÕÅϣԺʿ³öÆ·
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