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Elements.of.Differential.Topology,.Anant.R..Shastri,.CRC,.2011
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Contents Sectionwise Dependence Tree xii 1 Review of Differential Calculus 1 1.1 Vector Valued Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Directional Derivatives and Total Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Linearity of the Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4 Inverse and Implicit Function Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.5 LagrangeMultiplierMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.6 Differentiability on Subsets of Euclidean Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.7 Richness of SmoothMaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1.8 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2 IntegralCalculus 49 2.1 Multivariable Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.2 Sard¡¯s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.3 Exterior Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.4 Differential Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2.5 Exterior Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.6 Integration on Singular Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 2.7 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3 Submanifolds of Euclidean Spaces 77 3.1 Basic Notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.2 Manifolds with Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.3 Tangent Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.4 Special Types of SmoothMaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.5 Transversality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 3.6 Homotopy and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.7 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4 Integration on Manifolds 101 4.1 Orientation onManifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.2 Differential Forms on Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4.3 Integration onManifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.4 De Rham Cohomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 4.5 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5 Abstract Manifolds 121 5.1 Topological Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.2 Abstract DifferentialManifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.3 Gluing Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 5.4 Classification of 1-dimensionalManifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 ix x 5.5 Tangent Space and Tangent Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.6 Tangents as Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.7 Whitney Embedding Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 5.8 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6 Isotopy 153 6.1 Normal Bundle and Tubular Neighborhoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.2 Orientation on Normal Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.3 Vector Fields and Isotopies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.4 Patching-upDiffeomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6.5 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 7 Intersection Theory 177 7.1 Transverse Homotopy Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 7.2 Oriented Intersection Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 7.3 Degree of aMap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 7.4 Nonoriented Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 7.5 Winding Number and Separation Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 7.6 Borsuk-UlamTheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 7.7 Hopf Degree Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 7.8 Lefschetz Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 7.9 Some Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 7.10 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 8 Geometry of Manifolds 209 8.1 Morse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 8.2 Morse Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 8.3 Operations onManifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 8.4 Further Geometry ofMorse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 8.5 Classification of Compact Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 9 Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: The Basics 243 9.1 Review of SomeMatrix Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 9.2 TopologicalGroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 9.3 Lie Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 9.4 Lie Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 9.5 Canonical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 9.6 Topological Invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 9.7 Closed Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 9.8 The Adjoint Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 9.9 Existence of Lie Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 9.10 Foliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Hints/Solutions to Select Exercises 285 Bibliography 301 Index 305 |
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