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[×ÊÔ´] Elements.of.Differential.Topology,.Anant.R..Shastri,.CRC,.2011

Contents
Sectionwise Dependence Tree xii
1 Review of Differential Calculus 1
1.1 Vector Valued Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Directional Derivatives and Total Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Linearity of the Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4 Inverse and Implicit Function Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5 LagrangeMultiplierMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.6 Differentiability on Subsets of Euclidean Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.7 Richness of SmoothMaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.8 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2 IntegralCalculus 49
2.1 Multivariable Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2 Sard¡¯s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3 Exterior Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4 Differential Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.5 Exterior Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.6 Integration on Singular Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.7 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3 Submanifolds of Euclidean Spaces 77
3.1 Basic Notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2 Manifolds with Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.3 Tangent Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.4 Special Types of SmoothMaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.5 Transversality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.6 Homotopy and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.7 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4 Integration on Manifolds 101
4.1 Orientation onManifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2 Differential Forms on Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.3 Integration onManifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.4 De Rham Cohomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.5 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5 Abstract Manifolds 121
5.1 Topological Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.2 Abstract DifferentialManifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.3 Gluing Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.4 Classification of 1-dimensionalManifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
ix
x
5.5 Tangent Space and Tangent Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.6 Tangents as Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.7 Whitney Embedding Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.8 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6 Isotopy 153
6.1 Normal Bundle and Tubular Neighborhoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.2 Orientation on Normal Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.3 Vector Fields and Isotopies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.4 Patching-upDiffeomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.5 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7 Intersection Theory 177
7.1 Transverse Homotopy Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.2 Oriented Intersection Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.3 Degree of aMap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
7.4 Nonoriented Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.5 Winding Number and Separation Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.6 Borsuk-UlamTheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.7 Hopf Degree Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
7.8 Lefschetz Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.9 Some Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7.10 Miscellaneous Exercises for Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8 Geometry of Manifolds 209
8.1 Morse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8.2 Morse Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8.3 Operations onManifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
8.4 Further Geometry ofMorse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
8.5 Classification of Compact Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
9 Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: The Basics 243
9.1 Review of SomeMatrix Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
9.2 TopologicalGroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
9.3 Lie Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
9.4 Lie Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
9.5 Canonical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
9.6 Topological Invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
9.7 Closed Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
9.8 The Adjoint Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
9.9 Existence of Lie Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
9.10 Foliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Hints/Solutions to Select Exercises 285
Bibliography 301
Index 305
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