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[资源] Oxford, 2010Optically Polarized Atoms - Understanding Light-Atom Interactions

Contents
List of acronyms xi
PART I INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT–ATOM INTERACTIONS
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Why was this book written? 3
1.2 How to use this book 3
1.3 Relation to other texts 4
1.4 Formalism of quantum mechanics 5
2 Atomic states 8
2.1 Energy states of the hydrogen atom 8
2.2 Angular momentum of the electron in the hydrogen atom 9
2.3 Multielectron
atoms 19
2.4 Hyperfine interactions and hyperfine structure of atomic states 26
2.5 Parity of atomic states 27
3 A bit of angularmomentum
theory 30
3.1 Classical rotations 30
3.2 Quantummechanical
rotations 36
3.3 The angularmomentum
operator 39
3.4 Rotations in the Zeeman basis 43
3.5 Addition of angular momenta; Clebsch–Gordan coeÏcients 45
3.6 3 j and 6j symbols 46
3.7 Irreducible tensors and tensor products 49
3.8 The Wigner–Eckart theorem 51
4 Atoms in external electric and magnetic fields 55
4.1 Linear Zeeman eìect 55
4.2 Zeeman eìect in the manifold of hyperfine levels, Breit–Rabi diagrams 58
4.3 Atoms in an electric field: the Stark eìect 62
4.4 Combined eìect of electric and magnetic fields 72
4.5 Atoms in oscillating fields 75
5 Polarized atoms 82
5.1 The density matrix 82
5.2 Rotation of density matrices 88
viii Contents
5.3 Angularmomentum
probability surfaces 89
5.4 Angularmomentum
probability surfaces and the density matrix: equivalence
and symmetries 90
5.5 Temporal evolution of the density matrix: the Liouville equations 92
5.6 Example: alignmenttoorientation
conversion 94
5.7 Multipole moments 96
6 Polarized light 109
6.1 The light polarization ellipse 110
6.2 Partially polarized light and unpolarized light 114
6.3 Spin angular momentum of polarized light 116
6.4 Spherical basis for light polarization 118
6.5 The polarization density matrix 121
6.6 Angularmomentum
probability surfaces for light 122
6.7 Stokes parameters for partially polarized light 123
7 Atomic transitions 126
7.1 Twolevel
system under the action of a periodic perturbation 126
7.2 Selection rules for electricdipole
transitions 129
7.3 Probability calculation for electricdipole
transitions 133
7.4 Line strength 141
7.5 Highermultipole
radiative transitions 144
7.6 Multipole expansion 148
7.7 Twophoton
and multiphoton
transitions 152
7.8 Visualization of atomic transitions 153
8 Coherence in atomic systems 159
8.1 Dark and bright states 159
8.2 Quantum beats 164
8.3 The Hanle eìect 166
9 Optical pumping 169
9.1 Linear and nonlinear processes; saturation parameters 169
9.2 Optical pumping on closed transitions 173
9.3 Optical pumping on open transitions 183
10 Light–atom interaction observed in transmitted light 186
10.1 Eìect of atoms on transmitted light 186
10.2 Magnetooptical
eìects with linearly polarized light 190
10.3 Perturbative approach 213
PART II ADVANCED TOPICS
11 Nonlinear magnetooptical
rotation 219
11.1 Nested nonlinear magnetooptical
rotation features 219
11.2 Bennettstructure
eìects 220
11.3 The role of alignmenttoorientation
conversion in nonlinear magnetooptical
rotation 221
Contents ix
11.4 Buìergas
vapor cells 224
11.5 Antirelaxationcoated
cells 225
11.6 Optically thick media 228
11.7 Nonlinear magnetooptical
rotation with modulated light 234
12 Perturbative and approximate methods for light–atom interactions 239
12.1 Polarization transfer in spontaneous decay 239
12.2 Perturbative solution of the steadystate
density matrix 243
12.3 The opticalfield
case 244
12.4 Repopulation and depopulation 246
12.5 Optical excitation 248
12.6 Absorption and optical rotation signals 248
12.7 What kind of atomic polarization can influence the absorption and emission
of light? 252
12.8 The broadline
approximation 252
13 Polarization eìects in transitions with partially resolved hyperfine structure 257
13.1 Depopulation pumping 259
13.2 Excited state and repopulation pumping 263
13.3 Absorption 266
13.4 Fluorescence 269
13.5 Comparison of diìerent cases 269
14 The eìect of hyperfine splitting on nonlinear magnetooptical
rotation 271
14.1 Dopplerfree
transit eìect 272
14.2 Dopplerbroadened
transit eìect 277
14.3 Wall eìect 280
14.4 Higher nuclear spin and the D2 line 283
14.5 Comparison of quantitative results for diìerent cases 287
15 Coherence eìects revisited 289
15.1 Dark and bright states 289
15.2 Quantum beats 292
15.3 The Hanle eìect 296
16 Collapse and revival in quantum beats 303
17 Nuclear quadrupole resonance and alignmenttoorientation
conversion 309
18 Selective addressing of highrank
polarization moments 314
18.1 General technique and production and detection of the = 2 and = 4
moments 314
18.2 Production and observation of the = 6 hexacontatetrapole moment 319
18.3 Production and detection of the hexadecapole moment in the Earth’s
magnetic field 322
19 Tensor structure of the DCand
ACStark
polarizabilities 329
20 Photoionization of polarized atoms with polarized light 333
20.1 Photoionization crosssection
334
x Contents
20.2 Formulas for 0,1,2 336
Appendix A Constants, units, and notations 339
Appendix B Units of energy, frequency, and wavelength 342
Appendix C Reference data for hydrogen and the alkali atoms 343
Appendix D Classical rotations 344
D.1 Rotations in the Cartesian basis 344
D.2 The spherical basis 347
Appendix E Nonlinear magnetooptical
rotation with hyperfine structure 352
E.1 Perturbation theory with polarization moments 352
E.2 Dopplerfree
transit eìect 354
E.3 Dopplerbroadened
transit eìect 356
E.4 Wall eìect 357
Appendix F The Atomic Density Matrix software package 358
Bibliography 360
Index 367

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