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[资源] Wiley2010年Laser.Physics

Preface xiii
1 Introduction to Laser Operation 1
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 Lasers and Laser Light, 3
1.3 Light in Cavities, 8
1.4 Light Emission and Absorption in Quantum Theory, 10
1.5 Einstein Theory of Light–Matter Interactions, 11
1.6 Summary, 14
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Solids 17
2.1 Introduction, 17
2.2 Electron Energy Levels in Atoms, 17
2.3 Molecular Vibrations, 26
2.4 Molecular Rotations, 31
2.5 Example: Carbon Dioxide, 33
2.6 Conductors and Insulators, 35
2.7 Semiconductors, 39
2.8 Semiconductor Junctions, 45
2.9 Light-Emitting Diodes, 49
2.10 Summary, 55
Appendix: Energy Bands in Solids, 56
Problems, 64
3 Absorption, Emission, and Dispersion of Light 67
3.1 Introduction, 67
3.2 Electron Oscillator Model, 69
vii
3.3 Spontaneous Emission, 74
3.4 Absorption, 78
3.5 Absorption of Broadband Light, 84
3.6 Thermal Radiation, 85
3.7 Emission and Absorption of Narrowband Light, 93
3.8 Collision Broadening, 99
3.9 Doppler Broadening, 105
3.10 The Voigt Profile, 108
3.11 Radiative Broadening, 112
3.12 Absorption and Gain Coefficients, 114
3.13 Example: Sodium Vapor, 118
3.14 Refractive Index, 123
3.15 Anomalous Dispersion, 129
3.16 Summary, 132
Appendix: The Oscillator Model and Quantum Theory, 132
Problems, 137
4 Laser Oscillation: Gain and Threshold 141
4.1 Introduction, 141
4.2 Gain and Feedback, 141
4.3 Threshold, 143
4.4 Photon Rate Equations, 148
4.5 Population Rate Equations, 150
4.6 Comparison with Chapter 1, 152
4.7 Three-Level Laser Scheme, 153
4.8 Four-Level Laser Scheme, 156
4.9 Pumping Three- and Four-Level Lasers, 157
4.10 Examples of Three- and Four-Level Lasers, 159
4.11 Saturation, 161
4.12 Small-Signal Gain and Saturation, 164
4.13 Spatial Hole Burning, 167
4.14 Spectral Hole Burning, 169
4.15 Summary, 172
Problems, 173
5 Laser Oscillation: Power and Frequency 175
5.1 Introduction, 175
5.2 Uniform-Field Approximation, 175
5.3 Optimal Output Coupling, 178
5.4 Effect of Spatial Hole Burning, 180
5.5 Large Output Coupling, 183
5.6 Measuring Gain and Optimal Output Coupling, 187
5.7 Inhomogeneously Broadened Media, 191
5.8 Spectral Hole Burning and the Lamb Dip, 192
5.9 Frequency Pulling, 194
5.10 Obtaining Single-Mode Oscillation, 198
5.11 The Laser Linewidth, 203
5.12 Polarization and Modulation, 207
viii CONTENTS
5.13 Frequency Stabilization, 215
5.14 Laser at Threshold, 220
Appendix: The Fabry-Pe′rot Etalon, 223
Problems, 226
6 Multimode and Pulsed Lasing 229
6.1 Introduction, 229
6.2 Rate Equations for Intensities and Populations, 229
6.3 Relaxation Oscillations, 230
6.4 Q Switching, 233
6.5 Methods of Q Switching, 236
6.6 Multimode Laser Oscillation, 237
6.7 Phase-Locked Oscillators, 239
6.8 Mode Locking, 242
6.9 Amplitude-Modulated Mode Locking, 246
6.10 Frequency-Modulated Mode Locking, 248
6.11 Methods of Mode Locking, 251
6.12 Amplification of Short Pulses, 255
6.13 Amplified Spontaneous Emission, 258
6.14 Ultrashort Light Pulses, 264
Appendix: Diffraction of Light by Sound, 265
Problems, 266
7 Laser Resonators and Gaussian Beams 269
7.1 Introduction, 269
7.2 The Ray Matrix, 270
7.3 Resonator Stability, 274
7.4 The Paraxial Wave Equation, 279
7.5 Gaussian Beams, 282
7.6 The ABCD Law for Gaussian Beams, 288
7.7 Gaussian Beam Modes, 292
7.8 Hermite–Gaussian and Laguerre–Gaussian Beams, 298
7.9 Resonators for He–Ne Lasers, 306
7.10 Diffraction, 309
7.11 Diffraction by an Aperture, 312
7.12 Diffraction Theory of Resonators, 317
7.13 Beam Quality, 320
7.14 Unstable Resonators for High-Power Lasers, 321
7.15 Bessel Beams, 322
Problems, 327
8 Propagation of Laser Radiation 331
8.1 Introduction, 331
8.2 The Wave Equation for the Electric Field, 332
8.3 Group Velocity, 336
8.4 Group Velocity Dispersion, 340
8.5 Chirping, 351
8.6 Propagation Modes in Fibers, 355
CONTENTS ix
8.7 Single-Mode Fibers, 361
8.8 Birefringence, 365
8.9 Rayleigh Scattering, 372
8.10 Atmospheric Turbulence, 377
8.11 The Coherence Diameter, 379
8.12 Beam Wander and Spread, 388
8.13 Intensity Scintillations, 392
8.14 Remarks, 395
Problems, 397
9 Coherence in Atom-Field Interactions 401
9.1 Introduction, 401
9.2 Time-Dependent Schro¨dinger Equation, 402
9.3 Two-State Atoms in Sinusoidal Fields, 403
9.4 Density Matrix and Collisional Relaxation, 408
9.5 Optical Bloch Equations, 414
9.6 Maxwell–Bloch Equations, 420
9.7 Semiclassical Laser Theory, 428
9.8 Resonant Pulse Propagation, 432
9.9 Self-Induced Transparency, 438
9.10 Electromagnetically Induced Transparency, 441
9.11 Transit-Time Broadening and the Ramsey Effect, 446
9.12 Summary, 451
Problems, 452
10 Introduction to Nonlinear Optics 457
10.1 Model for Nonlinear Polarization, 457
10.2 Nonlinear Susceptibilities, 459
10.3 Self-Focusing, 464
10.4 Self-Phase Modulation, 469
10.5 Second-Harmonic Generation, 471
10.6 Phase Matching, 475
10.7 Three-Wave Mixing, 480
10.8 Parametric Amplification and Oscillation, 482
10.9 Two-Photon Downconversion, 486
10.10 Discussion, 492
Problems, 494
11 Some Specific Lasers and Amplifiers 497
11.1 Introduction, 497
11.2 Electron-Impact Excitation, 498
11.3 Excitation Transfer, 499
11.4 He–Ne Lasers, 502
11.5 Rate Equation Model of Population Inversion in He–Ne Lasers, 505
11.6 Radial Gain Variation in He–Ne Laser Tubes, 509
11.7 CO2 Electric-Discharge Lasers, 513
11.8 Gas-Dynamic Lasers, 515
x CONTENTS
11.9 Chemical Lasers, 516
11.10 Excimer Lasers, 518
11.11 Dye Lasers, 521
11.12 Optically Pumped Solid-State Lasers, 525
11.13 Ultrashort, Superintense Pulses, 532
11.14 Fiber Amplifiers and Lasers, 537
11.15 Remarks, 553
Appendix: Gain or Absorption Coefficient for Vibrational-Rotational
Transitions, 554
Problems, 558
12 Photons 561
12.1 What is a Photon, 561
12.2 Photon Polarization: All or Nothing, 562
12.3 Failures of Classical Theory, 563
12.4 Wave Interference and Photons, 567
12.5 Photon Counting, 569
12.6 The Poisson Distribution, 573
12.7 Photon Detectors, 575
12.8 Remarks, 585
Problems, 586
13 Coherence 589
13.1 Introduction, 589
13.2 Brightness, 589
13.3 The Coherence of Light, 592
13.4 The Mutual Coherence Function, 595
13.5 Complex Degree Of Coherence, 598
13.6 Quasi-Monochromatic Fields and Visibility, 601
13.7 Spatial Coherence of Light From Ordinary Sources, 603
13.8 Spatial Coherence of Laser Radiation, 608
13.9 Diffraction of Laser Radiation, 610
13.10 Coherence and the Michelson Interferometer, 611
13.11 Temporal Coherence, 613
13.12 The Photon Degeneracy Factor, 616
13.13 Orders of Coherence, 619
13.14 Photon Statistics of Lasers and Thermal Sources, 620
13.15 Brown–Twiss Correlations, 627
Problems, 634
14 Some Applications of Lasers 637
14.1 Lidar, 637
14.2 Adaptive Optics for Astronomy, 648
14.3 Optical Pumping and Spin-Polarized Atoms, 658
14.4 Laser Cooling, 671
14.5 Trapping Atoms with Lasers and Magnetic Fields, 685
14.6 Bose–Einstein Condensation, 690
CONTENTS xi
14.7 Applications of Ultrashort Pulses, 697
14.8 Lasers in Medicine, 718
14.9 Remarks, 728
Problems, 729
15 Diode Lasers and Optical Communications 735
15.1 Introduction, 735
15.2 Diode Lasers, 736
15.3 Modulation of Diode Lasers, 754
15.4 Noise Characteristics of Diode Lasers, 760
15.5 Information and Noise, 774
15.6 Optical Communications, 782
Problems, 790
16 Numerical Methods for Differential Equations 793
16.A Fortran Program for Ordinary Differential Equations, 793
16.B Fortran Program for Plane-Wave Propagation, 796
16.C Fortran Program for Paraxial Propagation, 799
Index 809

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