24小时热门版块排行榜

返回列表

【奖励】本帖被评价35次，作者pkusiyuan增加金币 27.8 个

pkusiyuan

银虫 (正式写手)

机械EPI: 1
应助: 0 (幼儿园)
金币: 15204.9
帖子: 773
在线: 130小时
虫号: 3451204

[资源] CRC2011年Wind Turbine Technology

Foreword......................................................................................................xvii
Preface...........................................................................................................xix
1 Chronological History of Wind Turbine Technology.............................1
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................1
1.2 Major Benefits and Problems Associated with Alternate Energy
Sources...............................................................................................3
1.3 Benefits and Disadvantages of Wind Turbine Technology..................4
1.3.1 Benefits..................................................................................4
1.3.2 Disadvantages........................................................................5
1.3.3 Unique Installation Requirements.........................................6
1.3.4 Repowering to Increase Output by Existing Turbines...........6
1.4 Worldwide Utilization of Wind Turbines...........................................7
1.4.1 Denmark...............................................................................7
1.4.2 Germany...............................................................................8
1.4.3 China....................................................................................8
1.4.4 United States.........................................................................9
1.4.5 Canada..................................................................................9
1.4.6 Belgium and the Netherlands..............................................10
1.4.7 United Kingdom.................................................................10
1.4.8 France..................................................................................10
1.4.9 Russia..................................................................................11
1.4.10 Italy.....................................................................................11
1.4.11 Early Wind Turbine Development: Summary.....................11
1.5 Operating Principles of Wind Turbines............................................13
1.5.1 Critical Elements of Wind Turbine Systems and Their
Principal Functions..............................................................14
1.6 Wind Turbine Classifications...........................................................16
1.6.1 Utility-Scale Wind Turbine Sources....................................16
1.6.2 Pay-Off Periods for Utility-Scale Wind Turbines and
Wind Farms........................................................................17
viii ◾ Contents
1.6.3 Small-Scale Wind Turbines.................................................18
1.6.4 Component Cost Estimates for Small Wind Turbine
Systems................................................................................19
1.6.5 Total Installed Cost for 5-kW Wind Turbine in 2009.........19
1.6.6 Wind Turbine and Tower Installers.....................................20
1.6.7 Potential Applications of Small Wind Turbines...................21
1.6.8 Intermediate-Scale Wind Turbines......................................21
1.7 Wind Farm Developers.....................................................................21
1.7.1 Wind Farm Dealers.............................................................22
1.7.2 Renewable Energy Professionals..........................................22
1.8 Design Configurations.....................................................................22
1.8.1 Residential Design Configurations with Off-Grid
Capabilities..........................................................................23
1.8.2 Residential Design Configurations with Grid-Tied and
Back-Up Capabilities...........................................................23
1.8.3 Residential Design Configurations with Grid-Tied and
No-Battery Operation.........................................................23
1.8.4 Hybrid Solar-Wind Turbine System Configurations............24
1.8.5 Compact Wind Turbine and Energy Systems for Dual
Applications.........................................................................25
1.8.6 Critical Electrical Components............................................25
1.9 Next Generation Wind Turbines with Unique Features...................26
1.9.1 Helix Wind Turbines...........................................................26
1.9.2 Wind Turbines Operating from Ocean Surfaces.................26
1.9.3 Wind Turbine Design Based on Jet Engine.........................26
1.9.4 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines...............................................27
1.9.5 Floating Offshore Wind Turbines........................................27
1.10 Typical Wind Power Estimates for United States..............................28
1.11 Summary..........................................................................................28
References...................................................................................................29
2 Design Aspects and Performance Requirements...................................31
2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................31
2.2 Types of Wind Turbines...................................................................32
2.2.1 Windmills.......................................................................... 34
2.2.2 Farm Type and Dutch Type Wind Turbines........................35
2.3 Modern Wind Turbines....................................................................35
2.3.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)............................36
2.3.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)..................................37
2.3.3 VAWT Operating Requirements.........................................38
2.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of VAWTs...........................38
2.3.5 Operational Difficulties of VAWTs......................................39
Contents ◾ ix
2.3.6 Simplified Procedure for Predicting Darrieus Wind
Turbine Performance...........................................................39
2.3.7 Understanding Flow Phenomena of VAWTs.......................39
2.3.8 Early European Wind Turbines.......................................... 40
2.4 Off-Design Performance.................................................................. 40
2.4.1 Critical Design Aspects.......................................................41
2.4.2 Impacts of Variations in Design and Operating
Parameters...........................................................................41
2.4.3 Impact of Drag and Lift Coefficients on Maximum
Power Coefficient.................................................................41
2.4.4 Performance Enhancement Schemes.................................. 42
2.5 Techniques for Capturing Large Amounts of Wind Energy.............43
2.5.1 Impacts of Blade and Angle Parameters on
Performance Capabilities.....................................................45
2.5.2 Techniques for Achieving High Power Coefficients.............47
2.5.3 Installation Site Requirements for Optimum
Performance........................................................................47
2.5.3.1 Wind Parameters over Ridges and Hills..............48
2.5.3.2 Variations in Wind Speed and Direction.............50
2.5.4 Fundamental Properties of Wind Energy............................50
2.5.4.1 Available Wind Power..........................................51
2.5.4.2 Power Generated from Wind Energy...................51
2.5.4.3 Impacts of Wind Speed and Installation
Height on Performance........................................55
2.5.5 Global Wind Power Capacity Using High-Power
Turbines..............................................................................57
2.6 Annual Energy Acquisition from Specified Wind Turbine Site.........58
2.6.1 Requirements for Long-Term Capture of Wind Energy.......59
2.6.2 Impact of Wind Speed on Wind Energy Density................59
2.6.3 Annual and Hourly Extraction of Wind Energy by
Wind Turbine......................................................................60
2.6.4 Energy Integrals for Savonius Rotor in VAWT....................60
2.6.5 Use of Vortices for Creating Regions of High Wind
Velocity...............................................................................61
2.6.6 Maximum Power Coefficient as Function of Exit
Pressure Coefficient and Interference Factor (a)...................62
2.6.7 Computations of Power Coefficients....................................62
2.6.7.1 Techniques for Enhancing Power Output
and Power Coefficient..........................................63
2.7 Estimating Annual Hours of Capturing Wind Energy.................... 64
2.7.1 Annual Hours Estimation Using Empirical Method.......... 64
2.7.2 Annual Energy Production Estimate Using Blade
Element Momentum Method..............................................67
x ◾ Contents
2.7.3 Parameters Affecting Performance.......................................71
2.7.3.1 Impact of Wind Characteristics on Power
Coefficient...........................................................71
2.7.4 Combined Impact of Rotor Tip Speed Ratio and Dragto-
Lift Ratio on Power Coefficient.......................................75
2.8 Summary......................................................................................... 77
References...................................................................................................78
3 Design Aspects and Performance Capabilities of Wind Turbine
Rotors....................................................................................................79
3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................79
3.1.1 Rotor Types and Their Performance Capabilities.................80
3.1.1.1 Rotor Blades........................................................80
3.2 One-Dimensional Theory for Ideal Rotor.........................................80
3.2.1 Axial Momentum Equation in Integral Format...................82
3.2.2 One-Dimensional Momentum Theory Using Alternate
Control Volume.................................................................. 84
3.2.3 Power Coefficient for Ideal One-Dimensional Wind
Turbine................................................................................86
3.2.4 Thrust Coefficient for Ideal One-Dimensional Wind
Turbine................................................................................86
3.2.5 Effects of Rotation.............................................................. 90
3.2.6 Tip Speed Ratio of Rotor.....................................................92
3.2.6.1 Properties of Airfoils............................................94
3.3 Two-Dimensional Aerodynamic Model............................................97
3.3.1 Airfoil Configuration for Two-Dimensional
Aerodynamic Model............................................................97
3.4 Three-Dimensional Aerodynamic Model for Wing of Finite
Length..............................................................................................98
3.4.1 Parameters Affected by Streamlines Flowing over Wing......99
3.4.2 Coriolis and Centrifugal Forces.........................................100
3.4.3 Vortex System behind Modern Wind Turbine...................101
3.5 Rotor Design Requirements for Wind Farm Applications..............102
3.5.1 Rotor Performance............................................................102
3.5.2 Material Requirements for Rotor Blades............................103
3.5.3 Impacts of Airfoil Characteristics on Rotor
Performance......................................................................104
3.6 Hydrodynamic Analysis of Flow over Rotor...................................104
3.6.1 Two-Dimensional Flow Analysis over Sphere....................104
3.6.2 Two-Dimensional Flow Analysis over Cylinder.................105
3.6.3 Power Generated by Windstream......................................107
3.7 Summary........................................................................................107
References.................................................................................................109
Contents ◾ xi
4 Wind Turbine Blade Design Requirements.........................................111
4.1 Introduction................................................................................... 111
4.2 Analysis of Performance of Propeller Blades...................................112
4.2.1 Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of Blade Elements......112
4.2.2 Thrust and Power on Annular Area of Blade..................... 114
4.2.3 Conditions for Maximum Power Output.......................... 115
4.3 Blade Performance.......................................................................... 116
4.3.1 Power Coefficient............................................................... 116
4.3.2 Axial Interference Factor................................................... 116
4.3.3 Torque Grading Coefficient............................................... 117
4.3.4 Blade Loading Coefficient................................................. 118
4.3.5 Variations of Flow Angle as Function of Tangential
Speed Ratio and Flow Angle..............................................120
4.3.6 Impact of Tip Speed Ratio and Drag-to-Lift
Coefficient on Wind Turbine Power Coefficient................121
4.3.7 Variations in Pitch Angle as Functions of Radius..............122
4.3.8 Forces Acting on Blades.....................................................124
4.3.9 Mechanical Integrity.........................................................125
4.3.9.1 Structural Parameters and Stresses.....................125
4.3.9.2 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments in
Presence of External Forces................................128
4.4 Application of Beam Theory to Various Turbine Blade
Configurations...............................................................................130
4.5 Material Requirements for Blades...................................................130
4.6 Critical Features of Blade Section...................................................130
4.6.1 Impacts of Bending Moments and Blade Instability on
Performance......................................................................131
4.6.2 Role of Wind Triangle.......................................................131
4.7 Summary........................................................................................133
References.................................................................................................134
5 Sensors and Control Devices Required for Dynamic Stability and
Improved Performance under Variable Wind Environments..............137
5.1 Introduction...................................................................................137
5.2 Regulation Control Systems...........................................................139
5.2.1 Pitch Regulation Control...................................................140
5.2.2 Description of Pitch Regulation Control System...............141
5.2.3 Yaw Control System...........................................................142
5.3 Sensors for Monitoring Wind Parameters.......................................143
5.4 Transmission Systems.....................................................................143
5.5 Electrical Generators......................................................................144
5.5.1 Induction Generators.........................................................144
5.5.2 Rotor Configurations for Induction Generators.................145
xii ◾ Contents
5.6 Performance Capabilities and Limitations of Synchronous
Generators......................................................................................145
5.7 Critical Rotor Performance Parameters..........................................146
5.7.1 Rotor Design Classifications..............................................147
5.7.2 Dynamic Stability and Structural Integrity.......................147
5.7.3 Monitoring of Stress Parameters........................................149
5.7.4 Stall Regulated Rotors.......................................................149
5.7.5 Factors Affecting Wind Energy Capture and Turbine
Performance......................................................................149
5.8 Impacts of Airfoil Characteristics on Blade and Turbine
Performance................................................................................... 151
5.8.1 Vortex System behind High-Capacity Turbine.................. 152
5.9 Automatic Shut-Down Capability.................................................. 152
5.10 Critical Design Aspects of HAWT and VAWT Rotors................... 153
5.10.1 Techniques for Improving Turbine Reliability and
Performance...................................................................... 153
5.10.2 Sensors for Ensuring Efficiency, Dynamic Stability,
and Structural Integrity.....................................................154
5.10.3 Blade Twist Angle Adjustments.........................................156
5.11 Low Harmonic Content Electrical Generators for Improving
Efficiency........................................................................................156
5.11.1 Bearing Reliability.............................................................156
5.12 Impacts of Loadings on Structural Integrity of Wind Turbine....... 157
5.12.1 Impact of Gravitational Loading....................................... 157
5.12.2 Impact of Inertial Loading................................................ 157
5.12.3 Impact of Aerodynamic Loading....................................... 159
5.13 Summary.........................................................................................160
References................................................................................................. 161
6 Stand-Alone Wind Turbine Systems....................................................163
6.1 Introduction...................................................................................163
6.2 Historical Background: Use at Remote Sites...................................165
6.3 Configurations of Stand-Alone Systems..........................................166
6.3.1 Hybrid System with Back-Up Capability...........................166
6.3.2 Micro Wind Turbines........................................................167
6.3.3 Applications of Micro Wind Turbines...............................167
6.3.4 Micro Wind Turbines for Rural Electrification..................168
6.3.5 Power Generating Capacity...............................................169
6.3.6 Telecommunications Applications in Remote Areas..........169
6.3.7 Cost Reduction Techniques...............................................170
6.3.8 Reducing Power Demands.................................................170
6.3.9 Typical Energy Consumption by Electrical Appliances.....170
6.3.10 Techniques for Reducing Energy Consumption................171
Contents ◾ xiii
6.4 Stand-Alone Systems for Remote Sites............................................171
6.4.1 Refrigeration Appliances....................................................173
6.4.2 Air Conditioning Units.....................................................173
6.4.3 Selection of AC or DC Operation...................................... 174
6.4.4 Parameters of Generating System......................................175
6.5 Sizing of System Components........................................................175
6.5.1 Sizing and Performance Capabilities of Solar Arrays.........176
6.5.2 Sizing and Performance Capabilities of Inverters...............176
6.5.3 Sizing and Performance Parameters of Batteries................178
6.5.4 Sizing and Performance Parameters of Solar Panels...........179
6.6 Stand-Alone Systems with Utility Power Back-Up..........................179
6.6.1 Economic Aspects of Remote Systems...............................181
6.6.2 Cost Analysis for Stand-Alone Hybrid System...................181
6.6.3 Cost Estimate for Extending Line from Existing
Utility................................................................................182
6.7 Stand-Alone Wind Turbine–Based Systems for Various
Applications....................................................................................182
6.7.1 Telecommunications..........................................................183
6.7.2 Performance Capabilities of HR 3 Hybrid.........................183
6.7.3 Fuel Savings from Use of Hybrid Systems..........................184
6.8 Hybrid Systems for Village Electrification......................................185
6.8.1 Successful Examples..........................................................185
6.8.2 Application of Village Electrification for Water
Pumping............................................................................186
6.8.3 Estimating Pumping Capacity of Farm Windmill.............187
6.8.4 Hybrid Wind Turbines for Economic Electrification.........188
6.9 Multitasking Wind Turbines..........................................................188
6.9.1 Low-Power Turbine Applications.......................................189
6.9.2 Design Requirements for Irrigation...................................190
6.9.3 Annual Energy Outputs of Wind Turbines........................190
6.9.3.1 Wind Power Density and AEO
Computations.................................................... 191
6.10 Summary........................................................................................192
References.................................................................................................194
7 Wind Energy Conversion Techniques in Built Environments............195
7.1 Introduction...................................................................................195
7.2 Concentrator Configuration Requirements....................................196
7.2.1 Sphere-Like Configuration................................................196
7.2.2 In-Ducts-through-Buildings Configuration......................196
7.2.3 Close-to-a-Building Configuration....................................197
7.2.4 Capabilities of Various Concentrator Schemes:
Summary...........................................................................197
xiv ◾ Contents
7.3 Energy Design Buildings................................................................197
7.3.1 Requirements for Built Environments...............................197
7.3.2 Impact of Roughness Length on Wind Speed
Parameters.........................................................................199
7.3.2.1 Estimating Wind Speed in City
Environment.................................................... 200
7.3.3 Wind Potential in Built Environments..............................202
7.3.3.1 Atmospheric Boundary Layers...........................202
7.3.3.2 Impact of Atmospheric Boundary Layer on
Wind Speed and Variations...............................203
7.3.3.3 Vertical Wind Speed Gradient...........................203
7.4 Local Wind Characteristics in Built Environments........................207
7.4.1 Building Characterization.................................................207
7.4.2 Streamlines around Buildings with Sharp Edges.............. 208
7.4.3 Drag Force Components................................................... 208
7.4.4 Air Flow Properties............................................................209
7.4.4.1 Hydrodynamic Analysis of Flow over Sphere.....210
7.4.4.2 Impact of Pressure Coefficient on Free
Stream Quantities.............................................. 211
7.4.4.3 Theoretical Aspects of Reynolds and
Strouhal Numbers.............................................212
7.4.3.4 Probability Function of Wind Speed for
BAWT Installations...........................................214
7.5 Impact of Built Environment on BAWT Performance.................... 215
7.5.1 Aerodynamic Noise Levels................................................. 215
7.5.2 Computation of Total Aerodynamic Noise at
Installation Site.................................................................. 215
7.5.3 Noise Arising from Nearby Wind Turbines.......................216
7.5.4 Induced Vibrations from Turbine Blades...........................218
7.5.5 Shadow Flicker from Blades...............................................218
7.5.6 Turbulent Structures..........................................................219
7.5.7 Impact of Stream Tube Length on Wind Energy
Extraction......................................................................... 220
7.5.8 Yawed Flow Requirements in Built Environment..............221
7.5.8.1 Rotor Design Configurations for BAWT
Systems..............................................................221
7.5.8.2 Drag-Driven Wind Turbine...............................221
7.5.8.3 Lift-Driven Wind Turbine.................................223
7.5.8.4 Deceleration of Air by Rotor..............................224
7.5.8.5 Power Absorbed by Actuator.............................225
7.5.8.6 Hybrid-Driven Wind Turbines......................... 226
7.5.8.7 Comparison of Wind Turbines in Built
Environments................................................... 226
Contents ◾ xv
7.5.8.8 Boundary Conditions for Wind Turbines in
Built Environments...........................................227
7.6 Summary........................................................................................227
References................................................................................................ 228
8 Environmental Issues and Economic Factors Affecting Wind
Turbine Installation............................................................................229
8.1 Introduction...................................................................................229
8.2 Environmental Factors and Other Critical Issues...........................230
8.2.1 Choice of Installation Site..................................................230
8.2.2 Wind Features and Their Effects........................................231
8.2.3 Terrain Modifications to Augment Wind Speeds for
Improved Performance......................................................232
8.2.4 Impact of Volumetric Flow Rate on Performance..............233
8.2.5 Maximum Extractable Power........................................... 234
8.2.6 Power Coefficient.............................................................. 234
8.2.7 Output Torque Performance..............................................235
8.2.8 Power Generated by Windstream as Function of
Windstream Diameter.......................................................238
8.3 Problems Arising from Large Windstream Diameters....................238
8.3.1 Higher Noise Levels..........................................................239
8.3.2 Ambient Noise from Installation Site................................241
8.3.2.1 Estimating Noise Levels from Wind
Turbines............................................................241
8.3.2.2 Community Reaction to Wind Turbine
Noise.................................................................242
8.3.3 Television and Radio Interference......................................242
8.3.4 Quantitative Description of Wind Turbine Noise..............242
8.3.4.1 Estimation of Noise Generated by Single,
High-Capacity Wind Turbine...........................245
8.4 Estimating Critical Performance Parameters Using Classical
BEM Theory...................................................................................247
8.4.1 Mechanical Shaft Power....................................................247
8.4.2 Impact of Blade Design Parameters on Performance
Level..................................................................................248
8.5 Justification of Wind Turbine Installation Based on Economics.....248
8.5.1 Continuous Availability of Electrical Energy.....................249
8.5.2 Estimating Procurement Costs..........................................250
8.5.3 Per-Kilowatt Electrical Energy Cost..................................250
8.5.4 Per-Kilowatt Electrical Energy Cost from Wind
Turbine..............................................................................251
8.5.4.1 Empirical Method for Computing Annual
Energy Output of Wind Turbine.......................251
xvi ◾ Contents
8.5.4.2 Cost of Electricity as Function of Turbine
Cost and Life.....................................................252
8.5.4.3 More Elaborate Method of Computing Cost
of Energy Generated by Wind Turbine..............253
8.5.4.4 Sample Calculation for Estimating Cost of
Electricity Generated by Wind Turbines............254
8.6 Estimated Costs of Critical Components and Subsystems..............255
8.6.1 Cost Estimates for Critical Components...........................255
8.6.2 Typical Design and Performance Characteristics of
2-MW Wind Turbine........................................................257
8.7 Wind Turbine Towers.....................................................................257
8.7.1 Tower Height Requirements..............................................258
8.7.2 Mechanical Strength Requirements...................................258
8.7.3 Tower Classifications.........................................................258
8.8 Summary...........................................................................................259
References................................................................................................ 260
Index............................................................................................................261

回复此楼

» 本帖附件资源列表

欢迎监督和反馈：小木虫仅提供交流平台，不对该内容负责。
本内容由用户自主发布，如果其内容涉及到知识产权问题，其责任在于用户本人，如对版权有异议，请联系邮箱：xiaomuchong@tal.com
附件 1 : Wind_Turbine_Technology_-_A._R._Jha_-_(_CRC_Press,_Taylor_&_Francis_-_2011_-_pp.286).pdf

2015-02-26 19:51:11, 5.26 M

1楼2015-02-26 19:51:16

已阅回复此楼关注TA 给TA发消息送TA红花 TA的回帖

musenxie

新虫 (初入文坛)

应助: 0 (幼儿园)
金币: 19
帖子: 5
在线: 1.5小时
虫号: 3233863

引用回帖:

1楼: Originally posted by pkusiyuan at 2015-02-26 19:51:16
Foreword......................................................................................................xvii
Preface............................................................................ ...

ga感谢分享，还有其它这个话题的文章吗？

发自小木虫Android客户端