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密度问题:探索电子密度的概念在化学,生物,和材料科学
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A Matter of Density: Exploring the Electron Density Concept in the Chemical, Biological, and Materials Sciences About this Book The origins and significance of electron density in the chemical, biological, and materials sciences Electron density is one of the fundamental concepts underlying modern chemistry and one of the key determinants of molecular structure and stability. It is also the basic variable of density functional theory, which has made possible, in recent years, the application of the mathematical theory of quantum physics to chemical and biological systems. With an equal emphasis on computational and philosophical questions, A Matter of Density: Exploring the Electron Density Concept in the Chemical, Biological, and Materials Sciences addresses the foundations, analysis, and applications of this pivotal chemical concept. The first part of the book presents a coherent and logically connected treatment of the theoretical foundations of the electron density concept. Discussion includes the use of probabilities in statistical physics; the origins of quantum mechanics; the philosophical questions at the heart of quantum theory, like quantum entanglement; and methods for the experimental determination of electron density distributions. The remainder of the book deals with applications of the electron density concept in the chemical, biological, and materials sciences. Contributors offer insights on how a deep understanding of the origins of chemical reactivity can be gleaned from the concepts of density functional theory. Also discussed are the applications of electron density in molecular similarity analysis and electron density-derived molecular descriptors, such as electrostatic potentials and local ionization energies. This section concludes with some applications of modern density functional theory to surfaces and interfaces. An essential reference for students as well as quantum and computational chemists, physical chemists, and physicists, this book offers an unparalleled look at the development of the concept of electron density from its inception to its role in density functional theory, which led to the 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Table of contents : A MATTER OF DENSITY......Page 2 CONTENTS......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 8 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 10 1 INTRODUCTION OF PROBABILITY CONCEPTS IN PHYSICS—THE PATHTO STATISTICAL MECHANICS......Page 12 FURTHER READING......Page 25 2.1 QUANTA OF RADIATION......Page 26 2.2 ADIABATIC INVARIANTS......Page 29 2.3 PROBABILITY LAWS......Page 30 2.4 MATTER WAVES......Page 33 2.5 QUANTUM STATISTICS......Page 34 2.6 MATRIX MECHANICS AND COMMUTATION RELATIONS......Page 35 2.7 WAVE FUNCTIONS......Page 38 2.8 THE STATISTICS OF ELECTRONS......Page 40 2.9 DOES GOD PLAY DICE?......Page 42 REFERENCES......Page 47 3.1 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE......Page 52 3.2 SELF-CONSISTENT TREATMENT OF MANY-ELECTRONSYSTEMS......Page 57 3.3 DENSITY MATRICES AND ELECTRON CORRELATION......Page 61 3.4 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE ELECTRON DENSITY......Page 65 3.4.1 Determination of the Unit Cell Constants and Their Use in Ascertaining the Contents of the Unit Cell......Page 69 3.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 75 REFERENCES......Page 76 4 ATOMS IN MOLECULES......Page 78 4.1 CRITICAL POINTS OF THE ELECTRON DENSITY......Page 79 4.2 VIRIAL PARTITIONING OF THE ELECTRON DENSITY......Page 82 4.3 THE BOND PATH AND THE MOLECULAR GRAPH......Page 87 4.4 CATASTROPHE POINTS IN THE CHANGE OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE......Page 89 4.5 TOPOLOGY OF THE LAPLACIAN DISTRIBUTION......Page 91 4.6 THE FERMI HOLE AND ELECTRON DELOCALIZATION......Page 94 4.7 ELECTRON LOCALIZATION FUNCTION......Page 97 4.8 THE SOURCE FUNCTION......Page 100 4.9 STOCKHOLDER PARTITIONING OF THE ELECTRON DENSITY......Page 103 4.10 ATOMS IN MOMENTUM SPACE......Page 107 4.11 DENSITY MATRIX PARTITIONING......Page 108 4.12 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 113 4.13 EPILOGUE......Page 114 REFERENCES......Page 115 5.1 THE HOHENBERG–KOHN THEOREMS......Page 118 5.2 THE CHEMICAL POTENTIAL......Page 122 5.3 THE EXCHANGE-CORRELATION HOLE......Page 124 5.4 THE KOHN–SHAM EQUATION......Page 125 5.5 A MATTER OF PHASE......Page 129 REFERENCES......Page 132 6.1 THE CHALLENGE OF DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY......Page 136 6.2 EXCHANGE AND CORRELATION FUNCTIONALS......Page 138 6.3 INGREDIENTS AND TECHNIQUES FOR CONSTRUCTING DENSITY FUNCTIONAL APPROXIMATIONS......Page 141 6.4 NONEMPIRICAL DERIVATION AND LOCAL DENSITY MODELS......Page 143 6.5 SEMILOCAL FUNCTIONALS BEYOND THE LOCAL DENSITY APPROXIMATION......Page 145 6.6 CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION......Page 147 6.7 THE COMEBACK OF EXACT EXCHANGE: GLOBAL AND LOCAL HYBRIDS......Page 153 6.8 THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS: RANGE-SEPARATED HYBRIDS......Page 155 6.9 EMPIRICAL FITS......Page 157 6.10 CORRELATION FUNCTIONALS COMPATIBLE WITH EXACT EXCHANGE......Page 159 6.11 CURRENT TRENDS AND OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE......Page 162 REFERENCES......Page 166 7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 168 7.2.1 Global Reactivity Descriptors......Page 169 7.2.2 Local Reactivity Descriptors......Page 177 7.3 MOLECULAR ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE PRINCIPLES......Page 183 7.3.2 Electrophilicity Equalization Principle......Page 184 7.3.3 Hard–Soft Acid–Base (HSAB) Principle......Page 185 7.3.5 Minimum Polarizability Principle......Page 187 7.4 CONCEPTUAL DFT AS A USEFUL TOOL TOWARDS ANALYZING CHEMICAL REACTIVITY......Page 188 7.4.2 Structure, Bonding, Reactivity, and Aromaticity in Cluster Assemblies......Page 189 7.4.3 Bond-Stretch Isomerism......Page 194 7.4.4 Analysis of the Toxic Effects of Different Molecules through QSAR/QSTR-Based Model......Page 196 7.4.5 CDFT as a Novel Tool toward Designing Suitable Storage Materials for Trapping Hydrogen......Page 200 7.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 205 REFERENCES......Page 206 8.1 THE MOLECULAR SIMILARITY PRINCIPLE IN DRUG DESIGN......Page 214 8.2 ELECTRON-DENSITY-BASED ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SIMILARITY ANALYSIS......Page 217 8.3 MOLECULAR SIMILARITY MEASURES FROM CRITICAL POINTS OF THE ELECTRON DENSITY......Page 225 8.4 ELECTRON-DENSITY-DERIVED MOLECULAR SURFACE DESCRIPTORS......Page 228 8.5 ALIGNMENT-FREE MOLECULAR SHAPE AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTY DESCRIPTORS......Page 233 8.6 NETWORK GRAPHS FROM MOLECULAR SIMILARITY......Page 235 REFERENCES......Page 238 9.1 THE ELECTRONIC DENSITY......Page 244 9.2 THE ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL......Page 245 9.3 THE AVERAGE LOCAL IONIZATION ENERGY......Page 248 9.4.1 Overview......Page 250 9.4.2 Noncovalent Interactions: Chemical Vapor Sensing......Page 252 9.4.3 Covalent Interactions: Graphene......Page 256 9.4.4 Carbon Nanotubes......Page 260 9.5 SUMMARY......Page 263 REFERENCES......Page 264 10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 268 10.3 A POSTULATE AND ITS EXISTING SUPPORT......Page 271 10.4 STRUCTURE OF MOTION, TRANSFERABILITY, AND ANISOTROPY......Page 275 10.5 CONCLUSION......Page 279 REFERENCES......Page 280 11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 282 11.2 THE PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY OF DFT......Page 283 11.3 SLAB MODELS USED IN SURFACE/INTERFACE STUDIES......Page 285 11.4 THE SURFACE ENERGY AND ISSUES WITH POLAR SURFACES......Page 287 11.5 ADSORBATE ON SURFACES—ENERGETICS AND THE WULFF CONSTRUCTION......Page 293 11.5.1 CdSe Crystallites......Page 294 11.5.3 WC crystallites......Page 297 11.6 ADSORBATES ON SURFACES—ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE......Page 300 11.7 SURFACE PHASE DIAGRAMS: FIRST PRINCIPLES THERMODYNAMICS......Page 303 11.8 INTERFACE PHASE DIAGRAMS: FIRST PRINCIPLES THERMODYNAMICS......Page 308 11.8.1 Interface Phase Diagrams Not Including Vibrational and Configurational Energies......Page 313 11.8.2 Impact of Other Factors (For Example, the Vibrational and Configurational Energy Contributions) on Interface Phase Diagrams......Page 315 REFERENCES......Page 319 INDEX......Page 324 SUPPLEMENTAL IMAGES......Page 330 |
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52楼2017-05-18 22:32:43
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