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[×ÊÔ´] Prog in Mater Sci(IF25.87)ÐÂÏÊ×ÛÊö 1D nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures

One-dimensional nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures
Gordana C¡ä iric¡ä-Marjanovic¡ä ⇑, Igor Pašti, Slavko Mentus
Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
(122Ò³£¬759ƪÎÄÏס£±¾ÎÄÆÀÊöÁ˽ü¶þÊ®ÄêÀ´Ò»Î¬Ì¼ÄÉÃײÄÁÏÓÉÓÚÆä¶ÀÌØµÄÎïÀí¡¢»¯Ñ§ÐÔÖÊ£¬ÔÚÏÖ´ú¸÷¼¼ÊõÁìÓòµÄÓ¦Óá£×î½üµÄÑо¿±íÃ÷£ºÒ»Î¬º¬µªÌ¼²ÄÁÏÓÐ×ÅÉîÔ¶µÄÒâÒ壬±ÈÈ磺ÄÜÁ¿×ª»»ÓëÖü´æ¡¢´ß»¯Óëµç´ß»¯¡¢´«¸ÐÆ÷¡¢µç×ÓÄÉÃׯ÷¼þ¡¢»·¾³±£»¤ÒÔ¼°ÉúÎïѧÏà¹ØÓ¦Óᣡ£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£±¾×ÛÊö°üÀ¨ÕâÑù¼¸¸ö·½Ã棺һάº¬µªÌ¼²ÄÁϼ°¸´ºÏ²ÄÁϵÄÖÆ±¸¡¢½á¹¹ÓëÐÔÖʵĹØÏµ¡¢Ó¦Óü°Õ¹Íû¡££©
a b s t r a c t
One-dimensional nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures (1-D NCNSs) have emerged in the past two decades as exceptionally
promising nanomaterials due to their unique physical and chemical properties which enable a broad range of applications in various
fields of modern technology. Recent investigations revealed that the 1-D NCNS-based materials can have a profound impact
on energy conversion and storage, catalysis and electrocatalysis, sensors, electronic nanodevices, environmental protection, and
biology-related applications. The aim of the present review article was to provide a comprehensive overview of scientific progress in
1-D NCNSs such as N-containing carbon nanotubes (NCNTs, e.g., single-walled (SWNCNTs), double-walled (DWNCNTs), and multiwalled
NCNTs (MWNCNTs)), nanofibers (NCNFs), nanowires (NCNWs), nanorods (NCNRs), and nanohorns (NCNHs), and evaluate
their future perspective. Various methods of preparation of 1-D NCNSs and their composites are summarized and discussed.
The structure¨Cproperties relations of 1-D NCNSs, based on the theoretical approach and numerous relevant physico-chemical methods
of characterization, were outlined. The emphasis is given to the properties of 1-D NCNSs rendered by nitrogen incorporation into
the carbon matrix in order to provide deeper insight into the specific characteristics which determine materials¡¯ performances
within the specific fields of applications.

Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2. Preparation of 1-D NCNSs and their composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1. Preparation of NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.1. Arc-discharge and laser ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.2. Pyrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.3. Functionalization of CNTs surfaces by N-containing functional groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.1.4. Carbonization of N-containing polymer nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.1.5. Miscellaneous methods of NCNTs preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.2. Preparation of NCNTs containing other heteroatoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.2.1. Preparation of B-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.2.2. Preparation of Si-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.2.3. Preparation of P-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.2.4. Preparation of O-containing NCNTs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.2.5. Preparation of S-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.2.6. Preparation of halogen-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.3. Preparation of NCNTs-containing composites . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.3.1. Preparation of composites of NCNTs with other carbon materials . . . . .  . . 89
2.3.2. Preparation of metal/NCNTs composites. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.3.3. Preparation of NCNTs composites with metal/metalloid oxides and other inorganic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.3.4. Preparation of composites of NCNTs with organic/bioorganic molecules and macromolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2.4. Preparation of NCNHs and their composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.5. Preparation of NCNFs, NCNWs, NCNRs and their composites . . .  .  . . . . . 98
2.5.1. Pyrolysis of N-containing organic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.5.2. Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in N-containing gas phase . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.5.3. Carbonization of N-containing polymer nanofibers/nanowires/nanorods. . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.5.4. Miscellaneous methods of preparation of NCNFs, NCNWs and NCNRs. . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.5.5. Preparation of NCNFs, NCNWs, and NCNRs which contain other heteroatoms . . . . . . 102
2.5.6. Preparation of NCNFs-, NCNWs- and NCNRs-containing composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3. Structure¨Cproperties relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.1. Theoretical aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.1.1. Effects of N-doping on local structure, properties and reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.1.2. Effects of N-doping at a level of entire 1-D NCNSs entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.1.3. Effects of N-doping at supramolecular level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.2. Structural characterization and properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.2.1. Morphology and dispersibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.2.2. Thermal stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.2.3. Raman spectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.2.4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES)
and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.2.5. Crystalline structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.2.6. Charge transport properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4. Applications of 1-D NCNSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.1. Energy conversion and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.1. Hydrogen storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.2. Energy storage applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.3. Electrocatalysis for low temperature fuel cell applications of 1-D NCNSs . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.2. Analytical applications of 1-D NCNSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.2.1. Resistive gas sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.2.2. Electrochemical (bio)sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.3. Catalysis by 1-D NCNSs and their composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.4. 1-D NCNSs as adsorbents and environmental protection applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.5. 1-D NCNSs in (nano)electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.6. Biocompatibility and biology-related applications of 1-D NCNSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.7. Other applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
G. C¡äiric¡ä-Marjanovic¡ä et al. / Progress in Materials Science 69 (2015) 61¨C182 65
5. Conclusions and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
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