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[资源] Prog in Mater Sci(IF25.87)新鲜综述 1D nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures

One-dimensional nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures
Gordana C′ iric′-Marjanovic′ ⇑, Igor Pašti, Slavko Mentus
Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
(122页，759篇文献。本文评述了近二十年来一维碳纳米材料由于其独特的物理、化学性质，在现代各技术领域的应用。最近的研究表明：一维含氮碳材料有着深远的意义，比如：能量转换与贮存、催化与电催化、传感器、电子纳米器件、环境保护以及生物学相关应用。。。。。。。本综述包括这样几个方面：一维含氮碳材料及复合材料的制备、结构与性质的关系、应用及展望。）
a b s t r a c t
One-dimensional nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures (1-D NCNSs) have emerged in the past two decades as exceptionally
promising nanomaterials due to their unique physical and chemical properties which enable a broad range of applications in various
fields of modern technology. Recent investigations revealed that the 1-D NCNS-based materials can have a profound impact
on energy conversion and storage, catalysis and electrocatalysis, sensors, electronic nanodevices, environmental protection, and
biology-related applications. The aim of the present review article was to provide a comprehensive overview of scientific progress in
1-D NCNSs such as N-containing carbon nanotubes (NCNTs, e.g., single-walled (SWNCNTs), double-walled (DWNCNTs), and multiwalled
NCNTs (MWNCNTs)), nanofibers (NCNFs), nanowires (NCNWs), nanorods (NCNRs), and nanohorns (NCNHs), and evaluate
their future perspective. Various methods of preparation of 1-D NCNSs and their composites are summarized and discussed.
The structure–properties relations of 1-D NCNSs, based on the theoretical approach and numerous relevant physico-chemical methods
of characterization, were outlined. The emphasis is given to the properties of 1-D NCNSs rendered by nitrogen incorporation into
the carbon matrix in order to provide deeper insight into the specific characteristics which determine materials’ performances
within the specific fields of applications.

Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2. Preparation of 1-D NCNSs and their composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1. Preparation of NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.1. Arc-discharge and laser ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.2. Pyrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.3. Functionalization of CNTs surfaces by N-containing functional groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.1.4. Carbonization of N-containing polymer nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.1.5. Miscellaneous methods of NCNTs preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.2. Preparation of NCNTs containing other heteroatoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.2.1. Preparation of B-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.2.2. Preparation of Si-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.2.3. Preparation of P-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.2.4. Preparation of O-containing NCNTs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.2.5. Preparation of S-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.2.6. Preparation of halogen-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.3. Preparation of NCNTs-containing composites . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.3.1. Preparation of composites of NCNTs with other carbon materials . . . . .  . . 89
2.3.2. Preparation of metal/NCNTs composites. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.3.3. Preparation of NCNTs composites with metal/metalloid oxides and other inorganic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.3.4. Preparation of composites of NCNTs with organic/bioorganic molecules and macromolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2.4. Preparation of NCNHs and their composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.5. Preparation of NCNFs, NCNWs, NCNRs and their composites . . .  .  . . . . . 98
2.5.1. Pyrolysis of N-containing organic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.5.2. Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in N-containing gas phase . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.5.3. Carbonization of N-containing polymer nanofibers/nanowires/nanorods. . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.5.4. Miscellaneous methods of preparation of NCNFs, NCNWs and NCNRs. . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.5.5. Preparation of NCNFs, NCNWs, and NCNRs which contain other heteroatoms . . . . . . 102
2.5.6. Preparation of NCNFs-, NCNWs- and NCNRs-containing composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3. Structure–properties relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.1. Theoretical aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.1.1. Effects of N-doping on local structure, properties and reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.1.2. Effects of N-doping at a level of entire 1-D NCNSs entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.1.3. Effects of N-doping at supramolecular level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.2. Structural characterization and properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.2.1. Morphology and dispersibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.2.2. Thermal stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.2.3. Raman spectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.2.4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES)
and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.2.5. Crystalline structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.2.6. Charge transport properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4. Applications of 1-D NCNSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.1. Energy conversion and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.1. Hydrogen storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.2. Energy storage applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.3. Electrocatalysis for low temperature fuel cell applications of 1-D NCNSs . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.2. Analytical applications of 1-D NCNSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.2.1. Resistive gas sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.2.2. Electrochemical (bio)sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.3. Catalysis by 1-D NCNSs and their composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.4. 1-D NCNSs as adsorbents and environmental protection applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.5. 1-D NCNSs in (nano)electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.6. Biocompatibility and biology-related applications of 1-D NCNSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.7. Other applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
G. C′iric′-Marjanovic′ et al. / Progress in Materials Science 69 (2015) 61–182 65
5. Conclusions and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

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