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Macromolecules 1. Historical Background It would not be appropriate to complete a study of the subject of organic chemistry without including an introduction to the chemistry of macro-molecules, and their preparation and properties. Macromolecules, as the name implies, are molecules much larger than the simple, small molecules that the subject of organic chemistry has dealt with thus far. The term high polymer is also used to identify these large molecules. High polymers are materials possessing an average molecular weight above 10,000. 大分子 1. 历史背景 完成一项有机化学研究如果不包括大分子化学的介绍和它们的制备与性能，这是不恰当的。大分子，正如名字所说，分子量远远比迄今为止有机化学所研究的简单的小分子大得多。通常用它们的高聚物来确定这些大分子。高聚物是一类平均分子量在10000以上的高分子材料。 Organic chemists are inclined to refer to certain structures as "dimers", trimers", "tetramers'.etc. The rapid development of the plastics, rubber, and synthetic fibers industries during the past several decades has created such a iemand for chemists to work in these areas that, at the present, approximately half of the chemists in the United States ultimately do research or development work in the polymer field. 有机化学家倾向于把某些结构称为二聚物，三聚物，四聚物等等。在过去的数十年里，塑料、橡胶和合成纤维工业的快速发展对工作在这些领域的化学家产生了如此大的需求。现在美国基本上有大约一半的化学家最终在聚合物领域做研发工作。 Even though it is not all unusual to find synthetic polymers having relative average molecular weights greater than 1,000,000 and naturally occurring polymers having relative molecular weights of several million, it was not until the middle of the 1920~1930 decade that naturally occurring substances such as rubber, cellulose, and the proteins, as well as certain synthetic materials, already well known, were considered macromolecules.1. It is not appropriate in this limited discussion to introduce the interesting arguments, both pro and con, which finally led to the acceptance of the macromolecular hypothesis; however, it should be stated that the brilliant work of Nobel Laureate Dr. Hermann Staudinger played an overwhelming role in its final acceptance. 虽然发现平均相对分子质量大于1,000,000的合成聚合物和相对分子质量为几百万的天然聚合物并非稀罕之事，但是直到1920~1930年的中期，天然存在的物质如橡胶、纤维和蛋白质以及某些众所周知的合成物质才被认为是大分子。在这个有限的讨论中，从正反两方面介绍有趣的争论是不适合的。这些争论最后都导致接受大分子的假说。但是必须指出，诺贝尔资金获得者H’施陶丁格博士（Dr Hermanil Staudinger)辉煌成就对最后接受这个假说起了决定性的作用。 Although the above date marks the beginning of the modern synthetic polymer era, polymers, both synthetic and natural, although they were not widely recognized as such, found wide utility prior to this date3. . Among the early applications must be included the well known natural fibers, cellulose(cotton fiber)and wool(protein fiber), and the use of natural rubber for erasers and rubberized fabrics, even prior to Goodyear's acclaimed vulcanization experiment in 1839。 其它有网状聚合物，其中不全是链状结构。它可以比作无规定向的一组链子，这些链子间隔地以不规则的方式连在一起。在这些早期应用中包括众所周知的天然纤维，纤维素（棉质）纤维和羊毛（蛋白质纤维），并且天然橡胶对于橡皮和胶布的应用甚至比古德伊尔在1839年宣布的硫化橡胶实验还要早。 |
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