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牛津大学出版社，经典晶体结构教材，Properties of Materials
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材料结构老师极力推荐的，牛津大学出版社，经典晶体结构教材，Properties of Materials， 现已找到电子版！值得珍藏下载！！ Anisotropy, Symmetry, Structure 作者，ROBERT E. NEWNHAM Pennsylvania State University Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Outline 1 1.2 Structure–property relationships 3 1.3 Symmetry of physical properties 4 1.4 Atomistic arguments: Density 5 2 Transformations 9 2.1 Why transformations? 9 2.2 Axis transformations 9 2.3 Orthogonality conditions 10 2.4 General rotation (Eulerian angles) 12 3 Symmetry 14 3.1 Symmetry operations 14 3.2 Symmetry elements and stereographic projections 15 3.3 Point groups and their stereograms 17 3.4 Crystallographic nomenclature 20 3.5 Point group populations 20 4 Transformation operators for symmetry elements 23 4.1 Transformation operators for the crystallographic symmetry elements 23 4.2 Transformation operations for the thirty-two crystal classes 25 4.3 Standard settings 26 4.4 Curie group symmetries 26 5 Tensors and physical properties 30 5.1 Physical properties 30 5.2 Polar tensors and tensor properties 31 5.3 Axial tensor properties 32 5.4 Geometric representations 33 5.5 Neumann’s Principle 34 5.6 Analytical form of Neumann’s Principle 34 6 Thermodynamic relationships 37 6.1 Linear systems 37 6.2 Coupled interactions: Maxwell relations 38 6.3 Measurement conditions 40 viii Contents 7 Specific heat and entropy 43 7.1 Heat capacity of solids 43 7.2 Lattice vibrations 46 7.3 Entropy and the magnetocaloric effect 48 8 Pyroelectricity 50 8.1 Pyroelectric and electrocaloric tensors 50 8.2 Symmetry limitations 50 8.3 Polar axes 52 8.4 Geometric representation 53 8.5 Pyroelectric measurements 54 8.6 Primary and secondary pyroelectric effects 54 8.7 Pyroelectric materials 55 8.8 Temperature dependence 55 8.9 Applications 57 9 Dielectric constant 58 9.1 Origins of the dielectric constant 58 9.2 Dielectric tensor 60 9.3 Effect of symmetry 62 9.4 Experimental methods 63 9.5 Geometric representation 67 9.6 Polycrystalline dielectrics 69 9.7 Structure–property relationships 69 10 Stress and strain 72 10.1 Mechanical stress 72 10.2 Stress transformations 74 10.3 Strain tensor 75 10.4 Matrix transformation for strain 77 11 Thermal expansion 79 11.1 Effect of symmetry 79 11.2 Thermal expansion measurements 81 11.3 Structure–property relations 82 11.4 Temperature dependence 85 12 Piezoelectricity 87 12.1 Tensor and matrix formulations 87 12.2 Matrix transformations and Neumann’s Law 89 12.3 Piezoelectric symmetry groups 91 12.4 Experimental techniques 93 12.5 Structure–property relations 94 12.6 Hydrostatic piezoelectric effect 97 12.7 Piezoelectric ceramics 99 12.8 Practical piezoelectrics: Quartz crystals 100 13 Elasticity 103 13.1 Tensor and matrix coefficients 103 Contents ix 13.2 Tensor and matrix transformations 105 13.3 Stiffness-compliance relations 106 13.4 Effect of symmetry 107 13.5 Engineering coefficients and measurement methods 109 13.6 Anisotropy and structure–property relations 110 13.7 Compressibility 113 13.8 Polycrystalline averages 114 13.9 Temperature coefficients 116 13.10 Quartz crystal resonators 118 14 Magnetic phenomena 122 14.1 Basic ideas and units 122 14.2 Magnetic structures and time reversal 124 14.3 Magnetic point groups 125 14.4 Magnetic axial vectors 130 14.5 Saturation magnetization and pyromagnetism 131 14.6 Magnetic susceptibility and permeability 134 14.7 Diamagnetic and paramagnetic crystals 135 14.8 Susceptibility measurements 137 14.9 Magnetoelectricity 138 14.10 Piezomagnetism 142 14.11 Summary 146 15 Nonlinear phenomena 147 15.1 Nonlinear dielectric properties 147 15.2 Nonlinear elastic properties 148 15.3 Electrostriction 151 15.4 Magnetostriction 153 15.5 Modeling magnetostriction 154 15.6 Magnetostrictive actuators 159 15.7 Electromagnetostriction and pseudopiezoelectricity 160 16 Ferroic crystals 162 16.1 Free energy formulation 162 16.2 Ferroelasticity 165 16.3 Ferromagnetism 168 16.4 Magnetic anisotropy 170 16.5 Ferroelectricity 174 16.6 Secondary ferroics: Ferrobielectricity and ferrobimagnetism 177 16.7 Secondary ferroics: Ferrobielasticity and ferroelastoelectricity 179 16.8 Secondary ferroics: Ferromagnetoelectrics and ferromagnetoelastics 182 16.9 Order parameters 183 17 Electrical resistivity 188 17.1 Tensor and matrix relations 188 x Contents 17.2 Resistivity measurements 189 17.3 Electrode metals 191 17.4 Anisotropic conductors 193 17.5 Semiconductors and insulators 194 17.6 Band gap and mobility 196 17.7 Nonlinear behavior: Varistors and thermistors 199 17.8 Quasicrystals 202 18 Thermal conductivity 203 18.1 Tensor nature and experiments 203 18.2 Structure–property relationships 206 18.3 Temperature dependence 208 18.4 Field dependence 210 19 Diffusion and ionic conductivity 211 19.1 Definition and tensor formulation 211 19.2 Structure–property relationships 212 19.3 Ionic conductivity 217 19.4 Superionic conductors 219 19.5 Cross-coupled diffusion 220 20 Galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic phenomena 223 20.1 Galvanomagnetic effects 224 20.2 Hall Effect and magnetoresistance 226 20.3 Underlying physics 227 20.4 Galvanomagnetic effects in magnetic materials 229 20.5 Thermomagnetic effects 232 21 Thermoelectricity 234 21.1 Seebeck Effect 234 21.2 Peltier Effect 235 21.3 Thomson Effect 235 21.4 Kelvin Relations and absolute thermopower 236 21.5 Practical thermoelectric materials 238 21.6 Tensor relationships 239 21.7 Magnetic field dependence 240 22 Piezoresistance 243 22.1 Tensor description 243 22.2 Matrix form 244 22.3 Longitudinal and transverse gages 245 22.4 Structure–property relations 247 23 Acoustic waves I 249 23.1 The Christoffel Equation 249 23.2 Acoustic waves in hexagonal crystals 252 23.3 Matrix representation 255 Contents xi 23.4 Isotropic solids and pure mode directions 256 23.5 Phase velocity and group velocity 258 24 Acoustic waves II 261 24.1 Acoustic impedance 261 24.2 Ultrasonic attenuation 262 24.3 Physical origins of attenuation 264 24.4 Surface acoustic waves 265 24.5 Elastic waves in piezoelectric media 266 24.6 Nonlinear acoustics 270 25 Crystal optics 274 25.1 Electromagnetic waves 274 25.2 Optical indicatrix and refractive index measurements 276 25.3 Wave normals and ray directions 278 25.4 Structure–property relationships 280 25.5 Birefringence and crystal structure 282 26 Dispersion and absorption 286 26.1 Dispersion 286 26.2 Absorption, color, and dichroism 288 26.3 Reflectivity and luster 291 26.4 Thermo-optic effect 292 27 Photoelasticity and acousto-optics 294 27.1 Basic concepts 294 27.2 Photoelasticity 295 27.3 Static photoelastic measurements 296 27.4 Acousto-optics 298 27.5 Anisotropic media 300 27.6 Material issues 300 28 Electro-optic phenomena 302 28.1 Linear electro-optic effect 303 28.2 Pockels Effect in KDP and ADP 304 28.3 Linear electro-optic coefficients 308 28.4 Quadratic electro-optic effect 309 29 Nonlinear optics 313 29.1 Structure–property relations 313 29.2 Tensor formulation and frequency conversion 315 29.3 Second harmonic generation 316 29.4 Phase matching 318 29.5 Third harmonic generation 322 30 Optical activity and enantiomorphism 325 30.1 Molecular origins 325 xii Contents 30.2 Tensor description 327 30.3 Effect of symmetry 329 30.4 Relationship to enantiomorphism 331 30.5 Liquids and liquid crystals 333 30.6 Dispersion and circular dichroism 337 30.7 Electrogyration, piezogyration, and thermogyration 340 31 Magneto-optics 342 31.1 The Faraday Effect 342 31.2 Tensor nature 343 31.3 Faraday Effect in microwave magnetics 345 31.4 Magneto-optic recording media 346 31.5 Magnetic circular dichroism 348 31.6 Nonlinear magneto-optic effects 350 31.7 Magnetoelectric optical phenomena 351 32 Chemical anisotropy 354 32.1 Crystal morphology 354 32.2 Growth velocity 356 32.3 Crystal growth and crystal structure 358 32.4 Surface structures and surface transformations 360 32.5 Etch figures and symmetry relations 361 32.6 Micromachining of quartz and silicon 363 32.7 Tensor description 366 Further Reading 369 Index 375 |
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