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Graphene-Based Materials: Science and Technology by Subbiah Alwarappan and Ashok Kumar
English | 2013 | ISBN: 1439884277 | 224 pages | PDF | 21,7 MB
Continuously studied since its discovery, graphene offers truly unique opportunities, because unlike most semiconductor systems, its 2D electronic states are not buried deep under the surface and it can be easily accessed directly by tunneling or by other local probes.
An in-depth analysis of recent advances in graphene research, Graphene-Based Materials: Science and Technology discusses synthesis, properties, and their important applications in several fields. It examines methods for synthesis of graphene as well as surface characterization, properties, and application in biosensors and energy storage.
The book begins with a brief review of the history of graphene and a discussion of its important properties. It then presents the different methods of graphene synthesis available and a brief overview of a few important characterization techniques that distinguishes graphene from its allotropes. The authors detail the applications of graphene in high-speed electronics, field-effect transistors, biosensors, gas-sensors, ultra-capacitors, photonics, optoelectronics, and drug delivery. They conclude with coverage of the toxicity properties of graphene and the future of graphene research.
Written by experts with more than a decade of experience in nanotechnology research, the book incorporates the latest literature and findings in the field. Its emphasis on applications, especially biomedical/electrochemical and energy storage applications, sets it apart from other books on this topic. It provides those working in graphene and related materials a resource that helps initiate new thinking.
Contents
Preface........................................................................... ix
About the Authors ....................................................... xiii
1 Graphene: An Introduction......................................1
1.1 Graphene: History and Background .......................... 1
1.2 Graphene Properties .................................................. 4
1.2.1 Electrical Transport Property .......................... 5
1.2.2 Quantum Hall Effect ...................................... 14
1.2.3 Optical Properties........................................... 15
1.2.4 Mechanical Properties .................................... 19
1.2.5 Thermal Properties .........................................20
References ..........................................................................22
2 Graphene Synthesis ............................................... 31
2.1 Introduction ...............................................................31
2.2 Mechanical Exfoliation ..............................................31
2.3 Alternatives to Mechanical Exfoliation .....................34
2.3.1 Chemical Method............................................36
2.3.2 Total Organic Synthesis ..................................37
2.3.3 Depositions .....................................................39
2.3.3.1 Overview ...........................................39
2.3.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition ..............41
2.3.3.3 Plasma-Enhanced Chemical
Vapor Deposition ............................. 44
2.3.4 Thermal Decomposition.................................45
2.3.5 Thermal Decomposition on Other
Substrates ....................................................... 46
2.3.6 Unzipping Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes .......47
2.3.7 Electrochemical Synthesis ............................. 48
2.3.8 Other Available Methods................................ 51
References ..........................................................................52
3 Surface Characterization of Graphene ...................59
3.1 Graphene Characterization........................................59
3.1.1 Optical Imaging of Graphene Layers.............59
3.1.2 Fluorescence Quenching Technique..............60
3.1.3 Atomic Force Microscopy ...............................62
3.1.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy ................63
3.1.5 Raman Spectroscopy ..................................... 68
3.1.6 Electrochemical Characterization ...................70
References ..........................................................................73
4 Graphene-Based Materials in Gas Sensors ............77
4.1 Graphene-Based Materials as Gas Sensors.............. 77
4.1.1 Improving Graphene¡¯s Gas Sensing
by the Insertion of Dopants or Defects.........85
4.1.1.1 CO on Graphene.............................. 88
4.1.1.2 NO on Graphene ..............................91
4.1.1.3 NO2 on Graphene .............................92
4.1.1.4 NH3 on Graphene .............................93
4.1.2 Density of States of the Molecule¨C
Graphene System ............................................95
4.1.3 The I¨CV Curves of Molecules on Graphene.....97
4.1.4 Concerns for Practical Application................ 99
4.2 Graphene as a Membrane for Gas Separation .......100
References ........................................................................ 114
5 Graphene-Based Materials in Biosensing and
Energy Storage Applications................................ 119
5.1 Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Graphene... 119
5.1.1 Graphene-Based Enzymatic Biosensors ...... 119
5.1.2 Graphene-DNA Biosensors .......................... 121
5.1.3 Graphene Sensors for Heavy Metal Ion
Detection.......................................................123
5.1.4 Graphene for the Rapid Sequencing of
DNA Molecules .............................................124
5.2 Graphene for Energy Storage Applications ............ 132
5.2.1 Transparent Electrodes Based on
Graphene ...................................................... 132
5.2.2 Ultracapacitors Based on Graphene............. 133
5.2.3 N-Doped Graphene for Oxygen
Reduction in Fuel Cells ................................ 141
References ........................................................................ 149
6 Graphene-Based Materials for Photonic and
Optoelectronic Applications ................................ 159
6.1 Introduction ............................................................. 159
6.2 Linear Optical Absorption....................................... 162
6.3 Saturable Absorption ...............................................164
6.4 Luminescence .......................................................... 165
6.5 Transparent Conductors .......................................... 167
6.6 Photovoltaic Devices ...............................................168
6.7 Light-Emitting Devices ............................................ 170
6.8 Photodetectors ......................................................... 172
6.9 Touch Screens.......................................................... 173
6.10 Flexible Smart Windows and Bistable Displays ..... 175
6.11 Saturable Absorbers and Ultrafast Lasers ............... 176
6.12 Optical Limiters ....................................................... 181
6.13 Optical Frequency Converters ................................ 181
6.14 Terahertz Devices .................................................... 182
References ........................................................................ 183
Index .......................................................................... 191
English | 2013 | ISBN: 1439884277 | 224 pages | PDF | 21,7 MB |
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