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| The production of gendered bodily ideals that require daily practices and purchases to cumulatively form and sustain them is part of the shift to perspectives of the body as consumer in the postindustrial period (Featherstone 1991a). Just as a host of ideologies and institutions arose to bolster gendered ideologies of privilege during the transition to an industrial economy, gender insecurities in the changing postindustrial workforce called into question a range of beliefs about what it means to be a man or a woman. That is, as more women entered the professional world, as evidenced by women¡¯s entrance into college, medical and law schools, as paternity testing solidified the legitimacy of child support, and as women¡¯s sports moved toward parity with men¡¯s, gender roles were in a state of fl ux. Scholars point to a host of responses to the industrial crisis of masculinity. Sports, boy scouts, and other all-male environments quelled fears of social feminization and provided suitable forums to ¡°turn boys into men¡± (Kimmel 1990). They further provided visual displays that offered ¡°proof ¡± of the ¡°naturalness¡± of emerging ideologies of gender difference. Some argue that as a postindustrial crisis of masculinity solidifies, the body becomes the surface on which the ideal of difference is inscribed. Male body panic joins female pathologies of imperfection, self-esteem troubles, and loss of control in the postindustrial landscape. |
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