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Nanophotonic Materials（Photonic Crystals, Plasmonics, and Metamaterials）
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作者：R. B. Wehrspohn, H.-S. Kitzerow, and K. Busch List of Contributors I Linear and Non-linear Properties of Photonic Crystals 1 1 Solitary Wave Formation in One-dimensional Photonic Crystals 3 Sabine Essig, Jens Niegemann, Lasha Tkeshelashvili, and Kurt Busch 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Variational Approach to the NLCME 5 1.3 Radiation Losses 9 1.4 Results 11 1.5 Conclusions and Outlook 12 References 13 2 Microscopic Analysis of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductor Photonic-Crystal Structures 15 Bernhard Pasenow, Matthias Reichelt, Tineke Stroucken, Torsten Meier, and Stephan W. Koch 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Theoretical Approach 16 2.2.1 Spatially-Inhomogeneous Maxwell Equations in Semiconductor Photonic-Crystal Structures 17 2.2.1.1 Transverse Part: Self-Consistent Solution of the Maxwell Semiconductor Bloch Equations 18 2.2.1.2 Longitudinal Part: The Generalized Coulomb Interaction 18 2.2.2 Hamiltonian Describing the Material Dynamics 19 2.2.3 Semiconductor Bloch Equations in Real Space 21 2.2.3.1 Low-Intensity Limit 22 2.3 Numerical Results 24 2.3.1 Semiconductor Photonic-Crystal Structure 24 2.3.2 Linear Excitonic Absorption 26 2.3.3 Coherent Wave Packet Dynamics 29 2.3.4 Wave Packet Dynamics with Dephasing and Relaxation 31 2.3.5 Quasi-Equilibrium Absorption and Gain Spectra 33 2.4 Summary 35 References 36 3 Functional 3D Photonic Films from Polymer Beads 39 Birger Lange, Friederike Fleischhaker, and Rudolf Zentel 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Opals as Coloring Agents 43 3.2.1 Opal Flakes as Effect Pigments in Clear Coatings 44 3.2.2 Opaline Effect Pigments by Spray Induced Self-Assembly 44 3.3 Loading of Opals with Highly Fluorescent Dyes 46 3.4 New Properties Through Replication 47 3.4.1 Increase of Refractive Index 47 3.4.2 Robust Replica 48 3.4.3 Inert Replica for Chemistry and Catalysis at High Temperatures 49 3.5 Defect Incorporation into Opals 50 3.5.1 Patterning of the Opal Itself 51 3.5.2 Patterning of an Infiltrated Material 53 3.5.3 Chemistry in Defect Layers 55 References 58 4 Bloch Modes and Group Velocity Delay in Coupled Resonator Chains 63 Björn M. Möller, Mikhail V. Artemyev, and Ulrike Woggon 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Experiment 64 4.3 Coherent Cavity Field Coupling in One-Dimensional CROWs 65 4.4 Mode Structure in Finite CROWs 67 4.5 Slowing Down Light in CROWs 70 4.6 Disorder and Detuning in CROWs 72 4.7 Summary 74 References 74 5 Coupled Nanopillar Waveguides: Optical Properties and Applications 77 Dmitry N. Chigrin, Sergei V. Zhukovsky, Andrei V. Lavrinenko, and Johann Kroha 5.1 Introduction 77 VI 5.2 Dispersion Engineering 79 5.2.1 Dispersion Tuning 79 5.2.2 Coupled Mode Model 82 5.3 Transmission Efficiency 85 5.4 Aperiodic Nanopillar Waveguides 88 5.5 Applications 89 5.5.1 Directional Coupler 89 5.5.2 Laser Resonators 90 5.6 Conclusion 94 References 95 6 Investigations on the Generation of Photonic Crystals using Two-Photon Polymerization (2PP) of Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Polymers with Ultra-Short Laser Pulses 97 R. Houbertz, P. Declerck, S. Passinger, A. Ovsianikov, J. Serbin, and B.N. Chichkov 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 High-Refractive Index Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Polymers 98 6.3 Multi-Photon Fabrication 104 6.3.1 Experimental Setup 104 6.3.2 Fabrication of PhC in Standard ORMOCER® 105 6.3.3 2PP of High Refractive Index Materials 107 6.3.4 Patterning and PhC Fabrication in Positive Resist Material S1813 111 6.4 Summary and Outlook 112 References 113 7 Ultra-low Refractive Index Mesoporous Substrates for Waveguide Structures 115 D. Konjhodzic, S. Schröter, and F. Marlow 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 Mesoporous Films 116 7.2.1 Fabrication of Mesoporous Silica Films 116 7.2.1.1 General Remarks 116 7.2.1.2 Preparation Details 117 7.2.2 Characterization and Structure Determination of MSFs 118 7.2.3 Optical Properties of MSFs 121 7.2.4 Synthesis Mechanism 123 7.3 MSFs as Substrates for Waveguide Structures 124 7.3.1 Polymer Waveguides 124 7.3.2 Ta2O5 Waveguides and 2D PhC Structures 126 7.3.3 PZT Films 127 7.4 Conclusions 129 References 130 Contents VII 8 Linear and Nonlinear Effects of Light Propagation in Low-index Photonic Crystal Slabs 131 R. Iliew, C. Etrich, M. Augustin, E.-B. Kley, S. Nolte, A. Tünnermann, and F. Lederer 8.1 Introduction 131 8.2 Fabrication of Photonic Crystal Slabs 132 8.3 Linear Properties of Photonic Crystal Slabs 133 8.3.1 Transmission and High Dispersion of Line-Defect Waveguides 134 8.3.2 High-Quality Factor Microcavities in a Low-Index Photonic Crystal Membrane 138 8.3.3 Unusual Diffraction and Refraction Phenomena in Photonic Crystal Slabs 141 8.3.3.1 Self-Collimated Light at Infrared and Visible Wavelengths 142 8.3.3.2 Negative Refraction of Light 143 8.4 Light Propagation in Nonlinear Photonic Crystals 145 8.4.1 An Optical Parametric Oscillator in a Photonic Crystal Microcavity 145 8.4.2 Discrete Solitons in Coupled Defects in Photonic Crystals 147 8.5 Conclusion 152 References 152 9 Linear and Non-linear Optical Experiments Based on Macroporous Silicon Photonic Crystals 157 Ralf B. Wehrspohn, Stefan L. Schweizer, and Vahid Sandoghdar 9.1 Introduction 157 9.2 Fabrication of 2D Photonic Crystals 158 9.2.1 Macroporous Silicon Growth Model 158 9.2.2 Extension of the Pore Formation Model to Trench Formation 162 9.2.3 Fabrication of Trenches and More Complex Geometries 162 9.2.4 Current Limits of Silicon Macropore Etching 164 9.3 Defects in 2D Macroporous Silicon Photonic Crystals 164 9.3.1 Waveguides 165 9.3.2 Beaming 166 9.3.3 Microcavities 168 9.4 Internal Emitter 170 9.4.1 Internal Emitter in Bulk 2D Silicon Photonic Crystals 170 9.4.2 Internal Emitter in Microcavities of 2D Silicon Photonic Crystals 172 9.4.3 Modified Thermal Emission 174 9.5 Tunability of Silicon Photonic Crystals 175 9.5.1 Liquid Crystals Tuning 175 9.5.2 Free-carrier Tuning 176 9.5.3 Nonlinear Optical Tuning 177 9.6 Summary 179 References 180 VIII Contents 10 Dispersive Properties of Photonic Crystal Waveguide Resonators 183 T. Sünner, M. Gellner, M. Scholz, A. Löffler, M. Kamp, and A. Forchel 10.1 Introduction 183 10.2 Design and Fabrication 184 10.2.1 Resonator Design 184 10.2.2 Fabrication 186 10.3 Transmission Measurements 187 10.4 Dispersion Measurements 189 10.5 Analysis 192 10.5.1 Hilbert Transformation 192 10.5.2 Fabry–Perot Model 194 10.6 Postfabrication Tuning 195 10.7 Conclusion 196 References 197 II Tuneable Photonic Crystals 199 11 Polymer Based Tuneable Photonic Crystals 201 J.H. Wülbern, M. Schmidt, U. Hübner, R. Boucher, W. Volksen, Y. Lu, R. Zentel, and M. Eich 11.1 Introduction 201 11.2 Preparation of Photonic Crystal Structures in Polymer Waveguide Material 202 11.2.1 Materials 202 11.2.2 Fabrication 203 11.3 Realization and Characterization of Electro-Optically Tuneable Photonic Crystals 208 11.3.1 Characterization 208 11.3.2 Experimental Results 210 11.4 Synthesis of Electro-Optically Active Polymers 213 11.5 Conclusions and Outlook 217 References 218 12 Tuneable Photonic Crystals obtained by Liquid Crystal Infiltration 221 H.-S. Kitzerow, A. Lorenz, and H. Matthias 12.1 Introduction 221 12.2 Experimental Results 223 12.2.1 Colloidal Crystals 223 12.2.2 Photonic Crystals Made of Macroporous Silicon 226 12.2.3 Photonic Crystal Fibres 231 12.3 Discussion 232 12.4 Conclusions 233 References 234 Contents IX 13 Lasing in Dye-doped Chiral Liquid Crystals: Influence of Defect Modes 239 Wolfgang Haase, Fedor Podgornov, Yuko Matsuhisa, and Masanori Ozaki 13.1 Introduction 239 13.2 Experiment 240 13.2.1 Lasing in Cholesterics with Structural Defects 241 13.2.1.1 Preparation of Cholesterics 241 13.2.1.2 Cell Fabrication 241 13.2.1.3 Preparation of CLC/TiO2 Dispersion 242 13.2.1.4 The Experimental Setup 242 13.2.1.5 Experimental Results 243 13.2.2 Lasing in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals 243 13.2.2.1 Sample Preparation 244 13.2.2.2 The Experimental Setup 245 13.2.2.3 Experimental Results 245 13.2.3 Conclusion 248 References 248 14 Photonic Crystals based on Chiral Liquid Crystal 251 M. Ozaki, Y. Matsuhisa, H. Yoshida, R. Ozaki, and A. Fujii 14.1 Introduction 251 14.2 Photonic Band Gap and Band Edge Lasing in Chiral Liquid Crystal 252 14.2.1 Laser Action in Cholesteric Liquid Crystal 252 14.2.2 Low-Threshold Lasing Based on Band-Edge Excitation in CLC 254 14.2.3 Laser Action in Polymerized Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Film 255 14.2.4 Electrically Tunable Laser Action in Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystal 256 14.3 Twist Defect Mode in Cholesteric Liquid Crystal 258 14.4 Chiral Defect Mode Induced by Partial Deformation of Helix 259 14.5 Tunable Defect Mode Lasing in a Periodic Structure Containing CLC Layer as a Defect 262 14.6 Summary 265 References 266 15 Tunable Superprism Effect in Photonic Crystals 269 F. Glöckler, S. Peters, U. Lemmer, and M. Gerken 15.1 Introduction 269 15.2 The Superprism Effect 270 15.2.1 Origin of the Superprism Effect 270 15.2.2 Performance Considerations for Superprsim Devices 271 15.2.3 Bragg-Stacks and Other 1D Superprisms 272 15.2.4 Current State in Superprism Structures 272 15.3 Tunable Photonic Crystals 273 15.3.1 Liquid Crystals 274 15.3.2 Tuning by Pockels Effect 275 15.3.3 All-Optical Tuning 276 15.3.4 Other Tuning Mechanisms 278 15.4 Tunable Superprism Structures 278 15.5 1D Hybrid Organic–Anorganic Structures 279 15.5.1 Survey of Optically Nonlinear Organic Materials 279 15.5.1.1 Thermo-Optic Organic Materials 280 15.5.1.2 Electro-optic Organic Materials 280 15.5.1.3 All-optical Organic Materials 281 15.5.2 Numerical Simulation of a Doubly Resonant Structures for All-Optical Spatial Beam Switching 282 15.5.2.1 Beam Shifting for Two Active Cavities 284 15.5.2.2 Beam Shifting for One Active Cavity 284 15.5.2.3 Beam Shifting for Active Coupling Layers 284 15.6 Conclusions and Outlook 286 References 286 III Photonic Crystal Fibres 289 16 Preparation and Application of Functionalized Photonic Crystal Fibres 291 H. Bartelt, J. Kirchhof, J. Kobelke, K. Schuster, A. Schwuchow, K. Mörl, U. Röpke, J. Leppert, H. Lehmann, S. Smolka, M. Barth, O. Benson, S. Taccheo, and C. D’ Andrea 16.1 Introduction 291 16.2 General Preparation Techniques for PCFs 292 16.3 Silica-Based PCFs with Index Guiding 292 16.3.1 Specific Properties of Pure Silica PCFs 293 16.3.2 PCF with Very Large Mode Field Parameter (VLMA-PCF) 295 16.3.3 Doped Silica PCF with Germanium-Doped Holey Core 297 16.3.4 Highly Germanium-Doped Index Guiding PCF 299 16.4 Photonic Band Gap Fibres 302 16.5 Non-Silica PCF 305 16.6 Selected Linear and Nonlinear Applications 307 16.6.1 Spectral Sensing 307 16.6.2 Supercontinuum Generation 308 16.7 Conclusions 310 References 310 17 Finite Element Simulation of Radiation Losses in Photonic Crystal Fibers 313 Jan Pomplun, Lin Zschiedrich, Roland Klose, Frank Schmidt, and Sven Burger 17.1 Introduction 313 17.2 Formulation of Propagation Mode Problem 314 17.3 Discretization of Maxwell’s Equations with the Finite Element |
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