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Keeping in mind the above principles of green chemistry, ILs£¨Àë×ÓÒºÌ壩 have attracted much attention in the scientific community (chemists, biologists, and other related workers) during the past two decades or so. Here, in this mini review we are presenting recent developments (e.g. 1999 to 2009 also if scanty work is there deviations are made) in selected carbon-carbon bond forming reactions such as Knoevenagel, Michael Aldol, Biginelli Reaction, and so on. Before we proceed further, we provide some background information about these new solvents promoted as future green solvents of the present century. Historically, ILs are mentioned as molten salts and this dates back to 1914 or even before (35), when the first ionic liquid was reported. However, its earliest use was as a propellant in warfare specifically-ethylammonium nitrate. Though there are no hard and fast rules layed down, there are considered to be ionic salts substances having a melting point up to 1008C. They are certainly advocated to have the following properties, which have generated a voluminous body of research (36-45): (1) Unlike conventional solvents, they are not volatile and do not have any vapor pressure; (2) They are stable over a long temperature range; (3) They can be called universal solvents, as they can dissolve a range of organic compounds; (4) They can dissolve even gases like H2, CO, O2, and CO2. They can be used even under supercritical CO2; (5) In ILs, the solubility determining factors are cations and anions of which these are composed; (6) They do not participate in co-ordination with metal complexes, macrocycles like enzymes, etc; (7) Mainly, the ionic character of ILs accelerates the rate of reaction even under MW irradiations; (8) They are stable and can be stored without decomposition for a long time; (9) ILs have found extensive use in the control of stereoselectivity. (10) The viscosity of ILs derived form imidazoles can be manipulated by variations in branching. Because of these attractive properties, ILs are employed in a broad area of applications listed below (46-71): (1) Solvent extraction (46); (2) Physico-chemical processes (47); (3) ILs as media for nucleophilic substitution reactions (47); (4) As mobile phase modifier in HPLC (48); (5) Electrodeposition of metals and semiconductors in ILs (49); (6) Chemical analysis (50); (7) Dye-sensitized solar cells (51, 52); (8) ILs for the nuclear fuel cycle: electrodeposition and extraction (53); (9) Nuclear-based separations (54); (10) Oil shale processing (55); (11) Separation of petrochemical relevance (56); (12) Synthesis of functional nanoparticles and other inorganic nanostructures (57); (13) ILs as solvents for electrochemistry (58); (14) ILs as solvents for polymerization processes (59); (15) Chemical and biochemical transformations (60); (16) materials chemistry (61); (17) Biocatalysts in ILs (62-71). There are many types of ILs available commercially and some of these that are conveniently available and used in organic synthesis. The following selected classes are given below as a reference for the readers and some of these are often used in the reactions presented in this paper. |
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