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小灯泡0312

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小灯泡

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Keeping in mind the above principles of green
chemistry, ILs(离子液体) have attracted much attention in the
scientific community (chemists, biologists, and other
related workers) during the past two decades or so.
Here, in this mini review we are presenting recent
developments (e.g. 1999 to 2009 also if scanty work is
there deviations are made) in selected carbon-carbon
bond forming reactions such as Knoevenagel,
Michael Aldol, Biginelli Reaction, and so on. Before
we proceed further, we provide some background
information about these new solvents promoted as
future green solvents of the present century. Historically,
ILs are mentioned as molten salts and this dates
back to 1914 or even before (35), when the first ionic
liquid was reported. However, its earliest use was as a
propellant in warfare specifically-ethylammonium
nitrate. Though there are no hard and fast rules layed
down, there are considered to be ionic salts substances
having a melting point up to 1008C. They are
certainly advocated to have the following properties,
which have generated a voluminous body of research
(36-45):
(1) Unlike conventional solvents, they are not volatile
and do not have any vapor pressure;
(2) They are stable over a long temperature range;
(3) They can be called universal solvents, as they can
dissolve a range of organic compounds;
(4) They can dissolve even gases like H2, CO, O2, and
CO2. They can be used even under supercritical CO2;
(5) In ILs, the solubility determining factors are cations
and anions of which these are composed;
(6) They do not participate in co-ordination with metal
complexes, macrocycles like enzymes, etc;
(7) Mainly, the ionic character of ILs accelerates the
rate of reaction even under MW irradiations;
(8) They are stable and can be stored without decomposition
for a long time;
(9) ILs have found extensive use in the control of
stereoselectivity.
(10) The viscosity of ILs derived form imidazoles can be
manipulated by variations in branching.

Because of these attractive properties, ILs are
employed in a broad area of applications listed below
(46-71):
(1) Solvent extraction (46);
(2) Physico-chemical processes (47);
(3) ILs as media for nucleophilic substitution reactions
(47);
(4) As mobile phase modifier in HPLC (48);
(5) Electrodeposition of metals and semiconductors in
ILs (49);
(6) Chemical analysis (50);
(7) Dye-sensitized solar cells (51, 52);
(8) ILs for the nuclear fuel cycle: electrodeposition and
extraction (53);
(9) Nuclear-based separations (54);
(10) Oil shale processing (55);
(11) Separation of petrochemical relevance (56);
(12) Synthesis of functional nanoparticles and other
inorganic nanostructures (57);
(13) ILs as solvents for electrochemistry (58);
(14) ILs as solvents for polymerization processes (59);
(15) Chemical and biochemical transformations (60);
(16) materials chemistry (61);
(17) Biocatalysts in ILs (62-71).
There are many types of ILs available commercially
and some of these that are conveniently available
and used in organic synthesis. The following selected
classes are given below as a reference for the readers
and some of these are often used in the reactions
presented in this paper.

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小灯泡0312: 金币+200, 翻译EPI+1, ★★★★★最佳答案, 非常感谢!!!!! 2014-03-11 15:58:50
考虑到绿色化学的以上一些原则,在过去的二十年间,离子液体吸引了科学界的注意力(例如化学家,生物学家以及其他从事科学相关的工作者)。这里,在这个简短的综述当中,我们给出了最近的一些关于选定的一些C-C键反应的发展(例如1999年到2009年关于这些方面的稀缺工作)如Knoevenagel反应、Michael羟醛反应、Biginelli 反应等等。在我们继续前进之前,我们介绍了一些在当今化学当中作为将来绿色化学溶剂的一些新型溶剂的背景资料。有史以来,离子液体都被视作为熔融盐,而这要追述到1914年或者更早(35),那时第一篇离子液体的文章报道。然而它最早是用于战争中,作为一种燃料的推进剂。尽管关于这些物质没有准确的理论,但是一般认为离子盐有高于1008摄氏度的熔点。他们认为这些物质具有以下的一些性质,并作出了大量的研究(36-45):
(1)不像传统溶剂,他们不挥发,完全没有蒸汽压。
(2)它们在一个很长的温度范围内都能够稳定存在。
(3)可以叫它万能溶剂,因为它能够溶解大部分有机化合物。
(4)它们可以溶解H2、CO、CO、CO2。并且可以运用于超临界流体的CO2状态下。
(5)在离子液体中,决定溶解性的因素是构成这些离子液体的阳离子和阴离子。
(6)它们不参与复合金属配合反应,以及大环内物质配合反应如酶等等。
(7)总的来说是离子液体的离子的性质促进了反应的速率,即使是在百万瓦特的辐射下。
(8)它们稳定,能够长时保存而不分解。
(9)离子液体被广泛应用于控制立体选择性。
(10)咪唑内衍生物离子液体的粘性可以由其合成分支的不同来控制。
由于其优良的性质,离子液体被广泛的应用于以下的一些领域(46-71)
(1)溶剂萃取(46);
(2)物化过程(47);
(3)离子液体是一种亲核反应媒介(47);
(4)作为高效液相色谱的流动相(48);
(5)在离子液体中电沉积金属以及半导体(49);
(6)化学分析(50);
(7)染料敏化的太阳能电池(51,52);
(8)离子液体在核燃料循环中:电沉积以及提取(53);
(9)原子基分离(54);
(10)油页岩加工(55);
(11)分离石油化学相关产品(56);
(12)合成纳米功能离子以及其他的无机纳米结构(57);
(13)离子液体作为电化学反应的溶剂(58);
(14)离子液体作为聚合过程的溶剂(59);
(15)化学以及生物转化(60);
(16)材料化学(61);
(17)在离子液体中的生物催化剂(62-71)。
有许多种类型的离子液体在商业上是可以得到的,在这些当中有些很容易得到并且已经广泛应用于无机合成当中。接下来选出的一类是给读者作为一种参考,并且其中的一些经常应用于本文所提到的一些反应中。
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