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Keeping in mind the above principles of green
chemistry, ILs£¨Àë×ÓÒºÌ壩 have attracted much attention in the
scientific community (chemists, biologists, and other
related workers) during the past two decades or so.
Here, in this mini review we are presenting recent
developments (e.g. 1999 to 2009 also if scanty work is
there deviations are made) in selected carbon-carbon
bond forming reactions such as Knoevenagel,
Michael Aldol, Biginelli Reaction, and so on. Before
we proceed further, we provide some background
information about these new solvents promoted as
future green solvents of the present century. Historically,
ILs are mentioned as molten salts and this dates
back to 1914 or even before (35), when the first ionic
liquid was reported. However, its earliest use was as a
propellant in warfare specifically-ethylammonium
nitrate. Though there are no hard and fast rules layed
down, there are considered to be ionic salts substances
having a melting point up to 1008C. They are
certainly advocated to have the following properties,
which have generated a voluminous body of research
(36-45):
(1) Unlike conventional solvents, they are not volatile
and do not have any vapor pressure;
(2) They are stable over a long temperature range;
(3) They can be called universal solvents, as they can
dissolve a range of organic compounds;
(4) They can dissolve even gases like H2, CO, O2, and
CO2. They can be used even under supercritical CO2;
(5) In ILs, the solubility determining factors are cations
and anions of which these are composed;
(6) They do not participate in co-ordination with metal
complexes, macrocycles like enzymes, etc;
(7) Mainly, the ionic character of ILs accelerates the
rate of reaction even under MW irradiations;
(8) They are stable and can be stored without decomposition
for a long time;
(9) ILs have found extensive use in the control of
stereoselectivity.
(10) The viscosity of ILs derived form imidazoles can be
manipulated by variations in branching.

Because of these attractive properties, ILs are
employed in a broad area of applications listed below
(46-71):
(1) Solvent extraction (46);
(2) Physico-chemical processes (47);
(3) ILs as media for nucleophilic substitution reactions
(47);
(4) As mobile phase modifier in HPLC (48);
(5) Electrodeposition of metals and semiconductors in
ILs (49);
(6) Chemical analysis (50);
(7) Dye-sensitized solar cells (51, 52);
(8) ILs for the nuclear fuel cycle: electrodeposition and
extraction (53);
(9) Nuclear-based separations (54);
(10) Oil shale processing (55);
(11) Separation of petrochemical relevance (56);
(12) Synthesis of functional nanoparticles and other
inorganic nanostructures (57);
(13) ILs as solvents for electrochemistry (58);
(14) ILs as solvents for polymerization processes (59);
(15) Chemical and biochemical transformations (60);
(16) materials chemistry (61);
(17) Biocatalysts in ILs (62-71).
There are many types of ILs available commercially
and some of these that are conveniently available
and used in organic synthesis. The following selected
classes are given below as a reference for the readers
and some of these are often used in the reactions
presented in this paper.
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