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zzwanghaitao

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[ÇóÖú] ÇóÖú·­ÒëÕ⼸¶Î»°

2. Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization
Reaction

Abell and co-workers recently
developed a new synthetic
method for trisubstituted imidazoles,
2-substituted 1-benzyl-4-
methylimidazoles 2, based on
the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular
amino-Heck reaction
of amidoximes 1 (Scheme 1).[15]

With the success of the catalytic imidazole synthesis by
the Pd-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization reaction, which
employed relatively simple amidoximes, Abell and co-workers
applied this transformation to the substrates prepared
from amino acids to introduce an imidazole moiety as a
stable ester isostere at the C terminus of peptidomimetics[23]
(Scheme 2).

3. Palladium-Catalyzed Multicomponent Coupling
Reaction

Siamaki and Arndtsen
succeeded in developing a
direct synthesis of imidazoles
by the palladium-catalyzed multicomponent
coupling reaction
(MCR) starting from two
imines 3 and 5 and acid chlo-
ACHTUNGTRENUNGrides 4 under CO atmosphere
(Scheme 4).[16]

In the early stages of the investigation,
Siamaki and Arndtsen
suffered low yields of the desired imidazole due to the
formation of undesired a-sulfonylamide 7 and amide 8
(Scheme 5).

4. d10£¨10ΪÉϱ꣩-Metal-Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reaction

As shown in Scheme 7, only two examples
were reported. The reaction of isocyanides 9a and
9b afforded the corresponding imidazoles 10 a and 10b in
excellent yields.

During the course of our research
on the copper-catalyzed synthesis of pyrroles starting
from isocyanides and acetylenes conjugated with an electron-
withdrawing group (EWG),[31] we encountered homodimerization
of ethyl isocyanoacetate (12 a, EWG=CO2Et;
Scheme 9) with a catalytic amount of Cu2O and 1,10-phen-
ACHTUNGTRENUNGanthroline (phen) to produce 1-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-4-
(ethoxycarbonyl)imidazole (10 c, R=Et; Scheme 7) in 49%
yield.

5. Lewis AcidCatalyzedMulticomp onent Coupling
Reaction

In this context, Sharma et al. investigated
a Lewis acid catalyzed synthesis of imidazoles. They
surveyed the three-component coupling reaction (TCR) of
benzil, aldehydes 14, and NH4OAc in the presence of a catalytic
amount of ZrCl4 and observed a dramatic acceleration
in imidazole formation (Scheme 11).[19]

The ZrCl4-catalyzed four-component coupling reaction
(FCR) was further examined with benzil, benzaldehyde, primary
amine 16, and NH4OAc to synthesize the fully substituted
imidazoles 17 (Scheme 12).

6. Thiazolium-CatalyzedThree-Com ponent
Coupling Reaction

Frantz et al. developed the one-pot synthesis of imidazoles
through the synthesis of a-ketoamides (N) via the thiazolium-
catalyzed addition of aldehydes 19 to acylimines generated
from a-sulfonylamides 18[39] and subsequent treatment
with amines 20 (Scheme 13).[20]
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