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£¨1£©Scanning force microscopy of polymers
         _H.Schönherr & G.J. Vancso
         _2010

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Ô­×ÓÁ¦ÏÔ΢¾µ(AFM£©Ô­Àí¼°Ó¦Óá¶Atomic Force Microscopy in Practice ¡·
¡°Ó¦¹ã´ó³æÓѵÄÒªÇó£¬ÌØ´ËÉÏ´«Ò»±¾ÏµÍ³½éÉÜÔ­×ÓÁ¦ÏÔ΢¾µµÄÊé¼®£¬ÏàÐŶԴó¼ÒÓÐËù°ïÖú£¡springer´ó¼ÒÖ®×÷£¬ÔÞÉùһƬ£¡Èç¹û´ó¼ÒÓиüºÃµÄ×ÊÔ´£¬Ò²Çë¿¶¿®·îÏ׳öÀ´£¬¶à¶à½»Á÷°¡£¡±¾ÊéµÄÉÏÒ»¸ö²¿·ÖÊÇÕâ±¾¡¶Physical Principles of Scanning Probe Microscopy Imaging¡·£¬ÄÄλ´óÉñÄܰïæ¸ãµ½°¡£¡²»Ê¤¸Ð¼¤£¡¡±

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£¨2£©Scanning Probe Microscopy
         _Nikodem Tomczak,Kuan Eng Johnson Goh
         _2011

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1. Nanotip Technology for Scanning Probe Microscopy 1
Moh¡¯d Rezeq and Christian Joachim
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. Field Electron Microscope (FEM) and Tip
Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3. Field Ion Microscopy (FIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4. Preparation and Characterization of an Atomically
Clean Tip in an FIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5. Brief Review of Previous Nanotip Fabrication
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.1. Field¨Csurface melting method
and build-up method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.2. Deposition of an external metal atom
on tips sharpened by ion sputtering . . . . . . . 14
1.5.3. Pd-coated tungsten single atom apex . . . . . . . 14
1.5.4. Field-enhanced diffusion growth technique . . . 15
1.6. Mechanisms of Nitrogen Adsorption
on Metal Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7. Controlled Field-Assisted Etching Method for Tip
Sharpening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.7.1. Experimental setup and results . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.7.2. Tip apex modeling and nanotip reconstruction . . 23
1.7.3. Controllability and reproducibility
of the technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.8. Field Emission Characteristics of Single Atom Tips . . . 28
1.9. Applications of Nanotips in Scanning Probe
Microscopy and Future Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.10. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2. In Situ STM Studies of Molecular Self-Assembly on Surfaces 37
Wei Chen and Andrew T. S. Wee
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1.1. Self-assembly on surface nanotemplates
or nanostructured surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.1.2. Self-assembled 2D molecular nanostructures
via directional noncovalent or covalent
intermolecular interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2. In Situ Ultrahigh Vacuum Scanning Tunneling
Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3. Self-Assembled C60 Nanostructures on Molecular
Surface Nanotemplates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.4. Hydrogen-Bonded 2D Binary Molecular Networks . . . 46
2.5. Conclusion and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3. Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy on Hybrid
Metal/Organic/Semiconductor Interfaces 57
Cedric Troadec and Kuan Eng Johnson Goh
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2. General Introduction to Ballistic Electron Emission
Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.3. BEEM in Hybrid Metal/Organic/Semiconductor
Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.1. Chemisorbed molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.2. Physisorbed molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4. BEEM on Hybrid Au/Pentacene/n-Si Interfaces . . . . . 64
3.4.1. Density plots of barrier height
and transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.5. Conclusions and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4. Force¨CExtension Behavior of Single Polymer
Chains by AFM 75
Marina I. Giannotti, Edit Kutny¨¢nszky and G. Julius Vancso
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.2. AFM-Based Single Molecule Force
Spectroscopy (SMFS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.3. Elasticity of Individual Macromolecules . . . . . . . . . 80
4.3.1. Fitting the theoretical models to the
experimental data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.4. Single Chain AFM Force Spectroscopy of
Stimulus-Responsive Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.4.1. Single chain behavior of stimulus-responsive
polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.4.2. Single molecule optomechanical cycle . . . . . 94
4.4.3. Realization of a redox-driven single
macromolecule motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.5. Conclusions and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5. Probing Human Disease States Using Atomic
Force Microscopy 107
Ang Li and Chwee Teck Lim
5.1. AFM as an Imaging Tool for Biological Applications . . 108
5.1.1. Basic and advanced imaging modes . . . . . . . 108
5.1.2. Current state of technical developments for
biological applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.1.3. AFM imaging study of malaria and
Babesia-infected red blood cells . . . . . . . . . 113
5.1.3.1. Malaria pathology: surface
morphology as an indicator of the
disease state and association with
pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.1.3.2. Methods and results . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.1.3.3. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.1.4. AFM imaging study of other diseases . . . . . . 115
5.2. AFM as a Force-Sensing Tool (Nano- and
Micromechanical Property Measurements
Using AFM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.2.1. Force measurement and property-mapping
techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.2.2. Nanoindentation of cancer cells
as an example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2.2.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2.2.2. Method and results . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2.2.3. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.2.3. General applications in disease studies
using AFM-based force spectroscopy
and nanoindentation techniques . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3. Outlook and Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6. Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquids 129
Nitya Nand Gosvami and Sean J. O¡¯Shea
6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.2. Introduction to Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy
(C-AFM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.3. Analysis of C-AFM Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6.4. Boundary Lubrication Studies Using C-AFM . . . . . . 137
6.5. Squeeze-out of Confined Branched Molecules . . . . . . 143
6.6. Conclusions and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7. Dynamic Force Microscopy in Liquid Media 153
Wulf Hofbauer
7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7.2. Instrumentation for Operation in Liquid . . . . . . . . . 155
7.2.1. Cantilever readout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7.2.1.1. Effects of laser coherence . . . . . . . 157
7.2.1.2. Effect of the laser numerical
aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
7.2.1.3. Characterization of noise levels . . . . 160
7.2.2. Cantilever excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
7.2.3. Resonance tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.2.3.1. Self-excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.2.3.2. Excitation by a phase-locked loop . . . 168
7.2.4. Frequency modulation vs. phase modulation . . 170
7.3. Application Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.3.1. Molecular resolution imaging of
self-assembled monolayers . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.3.2. Spectroscopy and structure of the liquid¨Csolid
interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.3.2.1. Crystalline structure of n-dodecanol
on graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.3.2.2. Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.3.2.3. Role of tip shape . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
7.4. Outlook: From Simple Organics to Biology . . . . . . . 183
8. Fabrication of Bio- and Nanopatterns by Dip Pen
Nanolithography 187
Qiyuan He, Xiaozhu Zhou, Freddy Y. C. Boey
and Hua Zhang
8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.2. Biomolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
8.2.1. DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
8.2.2. Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
8.2.3. Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8.2.4. In situ growth of peptides . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8.2.5. Other biomolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
8.3. Variant Possibility of DPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
8.3.1. Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
8.3.2. CNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
8.4. Extension of DPN Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
8.4.1. Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
8.4.2. ¡°Click¡± chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
8.4.3. Photomask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
8.4.4. Modification of DPN probes . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8.5. Higher Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8.5.1. Parallel DPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8.5.2. Polymer pen lithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
9. Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Nano-Oxidation 205
Xian Ning Xie, Hong Jing Chung, and Andrew T. S. Wee
9.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
9.2. Mechanism of Nano-oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
9.3. Materials Used in Nano-oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
9.4. Spreading Modes of OH− Oxidants . . . . . . . . . . . 209
9.5. Aspect Ratio of Nano-oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
9.6. Media Used for Nano-oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
9.7. Physichemical Properties of Nano-oxide . . . . . . . . . 216
9.8. Applications of Nano-oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
9.9. Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
10. Nanolithography of Organic Films Using Scanning
Probe Microscopy 223
Jegadesan Subbiah, Sajini Vadukumpully
and Suresh Valiyaveettil
10.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
10.1.1. Principles of AFM lithography . . . . . . . . . . 225
10.1.2. Mechanical probe nanolithography . . . . . . . 226
10.1.2.1. Nanofabrication using
self-assembled monolayers . . . . . . 227
10.1.2.2. Scanning probe anodization . . . . . . 228
10.1.2.3. Thermomechanical writing . . . . . . 228
10.1.2.4. Dip pen nanolithography . . . . . . . 229
10.1.3. Biased probe nanolithography . . . . . . . . . . 231
10.1.3.1. Electrostatic nanolithography . . . . . 231
10.1.4. Electrochemical nanolithography . . . . . . . . 238
10.1.4.1. Nanopatterning of PVK films . . . . . 238
10.1.4.2. Nanopatterning of carbazole
monomer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
10.1.4.3. Conductive and thermal properties
of patterned films . . . . . . . . . . . 242
10.1.4.4. Nanopatterning of electroactive
copolymer film . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
10.2. Applications and Challenges of AFM
Nanolithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Index 255
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