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£¨1£©Scanning force microscopy of polymers _H.Schönherr & G.J. Vancso _2010 ×¢£º a.ǰÌì·¢ÁËÕâ±¾£¬µ«¸½¼þÎÞ·¨ÏÂÔØ£¬É¾ÌûºóÎÞ·¨ÔÙ·¢Ä¿Â¼£¬²»Öªµã½â¡£ b.±ðÈ˵ÄÌû×Ó£º Ô×ÓÁ¦ÏÔ΢¾µ(AFM£©ÔÀí¼°Ó¦Óá¶Atomic Force Microscopy in Practice ¡· ¡°Ó¦¹ã´ó³æÓѵÄÒªÇó£¬ÌØ´ËÉÏ´«Ò»±¾ÏµÍ³½éÉÜÔ×ÓÁ¦ÏÔ΢¾µµÄÊé¼®£¬ÏàÐŶԴó¼ÒÓÐËù°ïÖú£¡springer´ó¼ÒÖ®×÷£¬ÔÞÉùһƬ£¡Èç¹û´ó¼ÒÓиüºÃµÄ×ÊÔ´£¬Ò²Çë¿¶¿®·îÏ׳öÀ´£¬¶à¶à½»Á÷°¡£¡±¾ÊéµÄÉÏÒ»¸ö²¿·ÖÊÇÕâ±¾¡¶Physical Principles of Scanning Probe Microscopy Imaging¡·£¬ÄÄλ´óÉñÄܰïæ¸ãµ½°¡£¡²»Ê¤¸Ð¼¤£¡¡± ÊÇÕâ±¾ÊéµÄµÚ¶þÕ¡£ £¨2£©Scanning Probe Microscopy _Nikodem Tomczak,Kuan Eng Johnson Goh _2011 Ŀ¼ÈçÏ£º 1. Nanotip Technology for Scanning Probe Microscopy 1 Moh¡¯d Rezeq and Christian Joachim 1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2. Field Electron Microscope (FEM) and Tip Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3. Field Ion Microscopy (FIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4. Preparation and Characterization of an Atomically Clean Tip in an FIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5. Brief Review of Previous Nanotip Fabrication Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.5.1. Field¨Csurface melting method and build-up method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.5.2. Deposition of an external metal atom on tips sharpened by ion sputtering . . . . . . . 14 1.5.3. Pd-coated tungsten single atom apex . . . . . . . 14 1.5.4. Field-enhanced diffusion growth technique . . . 15 1.6. Mechanisms of Nitrogen Adsorption on Metal Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.7. Controlled Field-Assisted Etching Method for Tip Sharpening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.7.1. Experimental setup and results . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.7.2. Tip apex modeling and nanotip reconstruction . . 23 1.7.3. Controllability and reproducibility of the technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.8. Field Emission Characteristics of Single Atom Tips . . . 28 1.9. Applications of Nanotips in Scanning Probe Microscopy and Future Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.10. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2. In Situ STM Studies of Molecular Self-Assembly on Surfaces 37 Wei Chen and Andrew T. S. Wee 2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.1.1. Self-assembly on surface nanotemplates or nanostructured surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.1.2. Self-assembled 2D molecular nanostructures via directional noncovalent or covalent intermolecular interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2. In Situ Ultrahigh Vacuum Scanning Tunneling Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.3. Self-Assembled C60 Nanostructures on Molecular Surface Nanotemplates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.4. Hydrogen-Bonded 2D Binary Molecular Networks . . . 46 2.5. Conclusion and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3. Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy on Hybrid Metal/Organic/Semiconductor Interfaces 57 Cedric Troadec and Kuan Eng Johnson Goh 3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2. General Introduction to Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.3. BEEM in Hybrid Metal/Organic/Semiconductor Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3.1. Chemisorbed molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3.2. Physisorbed molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.4. BEEM on Hybrid Au/Pentacene/n-Si Interfaces . . . . . 64 3.4.1. Density plots of barrier height and transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.5. Conclusions and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4. Force¨CExtension Behavior of Single Polymer Chains by AFM 75 Marina I. Giannotti, Edit Kutny¨¢nszky and G. Julius Vancso 4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.2. AFM-Based Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy (SMFS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.3. Elasticity of Individual Macromolecules . . . . . . . . . 80 4.3.1. Fitting the theoretical models to the experimental data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.4. Single Chain AFM Force Spectroscopy of Stimulus-Responsive Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.4.1. Single chain behavior of stimulus-responsive polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.4.2. Single molecule optomechanical cycle . . . . . 94 4.4.3. Realization of a redox-driven single macromolecule motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.5. Conclusions and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5. Probing Human Disease States Using Atomic Force Microscopy 107 Ang Li and Chwee Teck Lim 5.1. AFM as an Imaging Tool for Biological Applications . . 108 5.1.1. Basic and advanced imaging modes . . . . . . . 108 5.1.2. Current state of technical developments for biological applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.1.3. AFM imaging study of malaria and Babesia-infected red blood cells . . . . . . . . . 113 5.1.3.1. Malaria pathology: surface morphology as an indicator of the disease state and association with pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.1.3.2. Methods and results . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.1.3.3. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5.1.4. AFM imaging study of other diseases . . . . . . 115 5.2. AFM as a Force-Sensing Tool (Nano- and Micromechanical Property Measurements Using AFM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.2.1. Force measurement and property-mapping techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.2.2. Nanoindentation of cancer cells as an example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.2.2.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.2.2.2. Method and results . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.2.2.3. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5.2.3. General applications in disease studies using AFM-based force spectroscopy and nanoindentation techniques . . . . . . . . . 122 5.3. Outlook and Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6. Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquids 129 Nitya Nand Gosvami and Sean J. O¡¯Shea 6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.2. Introduction to Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy (C-AFM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.3. Analysis of C-AFM Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 6.4. Boundary Lubrication Studies Using C-AFM . . . . . . 137 6.5. Squeeze-out of Confined Branched Molecules . . . . . . 143 6.6. Conclusions and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 7. Dynamic Force Microscopy in Liquid Media 153 Wulf Hofbauer 7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 7.2. Instrumentation for Operation in Liquid . . . . . . . . . 155 7.2.1. Cantilever readout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 7.2.1.1. Effects of laser coherence . . . . . . . 157 7.2.1.2. Effect of the laser numerical aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 7.2.1.3. Characterization of noise levels . . . . 160 7.2.2. Cantilever excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 7.2.3. Resonance tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7.2.3.1. Self-excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7.2.3.2. Excitation by a phase-locked loop . . . 168 7.2.4. Frequency modulation vs. phase modulation . . 170 7.3. Application Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.3.1. Molecular resolution imaging of self-assembled monolayers . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.3.2. Spectroscopy and structure of the liquid¨Csolid interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7.3.2.1. Crystalline structure of n-dodecanol on graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 7.3.2.2. Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 7.3.2.3. Role of tip shape . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 7.4. Outlook: From Simple Organics to Biology . . . . . . . 183 8. Fabrication of Bio- and Nanopatterns by Dip Pen Nanolithography 187 Qiyuan He, Xiaozhu Zhou, Freddy Y. C. Boey and Hua Zhang 8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 8.2. Biomolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 8.2.1. DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 8.2.2. Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 8.2.3. Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 8.2.4. In situ growth of peptides . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 8.2.5. Other biomolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 8.3. Variant Possibility of DPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 8.3.1. Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 8.3.2. CNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 8.4. Extension of DPN Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 8.4.1. Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 8.4.2. ¡°Click¡± chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 8.4.3. Photomask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 8.4.4. Modification of DPN probes . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8.5. Higher Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8.5.1. Parallel DPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8.5.2. Polymer pen lithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 8.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 9. Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Nano-Oxidation 205 Xian Ning Xie, Hong Jing Chung, and Andrew T. S. Wee 9.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 9.2. Mechanism of Nano-oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 9.3. Materials Used in Nano-oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 9.4. Spreading Modes of OH− Oxidants . . . . . . . . . . . 209 9.5. Aspect Ratio of Nano-oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 9.6. Media Used for Nano-oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 9.7. Physichemical Properties of Nano-oxide . . . . . . . . . 216 9.8. Applications of Nano-oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 9.9. Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 10. Nanolithography of Organic Films Using Scanning Probe Microscopy 223 Jegadesan Subbiah, Sajini Vadukumpully and Suresh Valiyaveettil 10.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 10.1.1. Principles of AFM lithography . . . . . . . . . . 225 10.1.2. Mechanical probe nanolithography . . . . . . . 226 10.1.2.1. Nanofabrication using self-assembled monolayers . . . . . . 227 10.1.2.2. Scanning probe anodization . . . . . . 228 10.1.2.3. Thermomechanical writing . . . . . . 228 10.1.2.4. Dip pen nanolithography . . . . . . . 229 10.1.3. Biased probe nanolithography . . . . . . . . . . 231 10.1.3.1. Electrostatic nanolithography . . . . . 231 10.1.4. Electrochemical nanolithography . . . . . . . . 238 10.1.4.1. Nanopatterning of PVK films . . . . . 238 10.1.4.2. Nanopatterning of carbazole monomer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 10.1.4.3. Conductive and thermal properties of patterned films . . . . . . . . . . . 242 10.1.4.4. Nanopatterning of electroactive copolymer film . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 10.2. Applications and Challenges of AFM Nanolithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Index 255 |
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