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Process 3 in OPVCs requires that exciton dissociation across
the organic¨Corganic interface into free charge carriers is stable,
and that recombination of carriers is inhibited. In optimized
donor¨Cacceptor material pairs (e.g. polythiophene and C60),
charge transfer across the interface happens on a picosecond
timescale, thus giving rise to the often-achieved high efficiency
of OPVCs fabricated with polythiophene and C60 derivatives. The most important parameter governing stable
charge transfer is the energy-level offset at the organic¨Corganic
heterojunction, that is, of ¡°type II¡±, which should exceed several
tenths of an electron volt for the valence bands (HOMOs)
and conduction bands (LUMOs), respectively. Many organic¨Corganic
interfaces seem to follow the simple Schottky¨CMott limit
at the interface,thus enabling the estimation of energylevel
diagrams by assuming a common vacuum level. However,
there are examples where this model fails, and it is still a
challenge to derive a coherent understanding of the mechanisms
that govern organic¨Corganic interface energetics. Yet
another important issue regarding charge separation involves
the possible formation of exciplexes (from geminate electron¨C
hole pairs) across the polymer¨Cpolymer interface and exciton
regeneration, which was deduced from electric-field- and temperature-
dependent transient spectroscopy. It was suggested
that this effect could be suppressed by a modest increase
of intermolecular distances (few nanometers) or reduced electron¨C
phonon coupling of the organic materials.
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