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Process 3 in OPVCs requires that exciton dissociation across the organic¨Corganic interface into free charge carriers is stable, and that recombination of carriers is inhibited. In optimized donor¨Cacceptor material pairs (e.g. polythiophene and C60), charge transfer across the interface happens on a picosecond timescale, thus giving rise to the often-achieved high efficiency of OPVCs fabricated with polythiophene and C60 derivatives. The most important parameter governing stable charge transfer is the energy-level offset at the organic¨Corganic heterojunction, that is, of ¡°type II¡±, which should exceed several tenths of an electron volt for the valence bands (HOMOs) and conduction bands (LUMOs), respectively. Many organic¨Corganic interfaces seem to follow the simple Schottky¨CMott limit at the interface,thus enabling the estimation of energylevel diagrams by assuming a common vacuum level. However, there are examples where this model fails, and it is still a challenge to derive a coherent understanding of the mechanisms that govern organic¨Corganic interface energetics. Yet another important issue regarding charge separation involves the possible formation of exciplexes (from geminate electron¨C hole pairs) across the polymer¨Cpolymer interface and exciton regeneration, which was deduced from electric-field- and temperature- dependent transient spectroscopy. It was suggested that this effect could be suppressed by a modest increase of intermolecular distances (few nanometers) or reduced electron¨C phonon coupling of the organic materials. |
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