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小木虫论坛-学术科研互动平台 » 资源共享区 » 课件资源 » 2-Hour Lecture on Scientific Writing
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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)
10)
Writing Style and Word Usage
        Now, we have had too much for the components of a paper.  It has 7 slides already.  Let’s change a topic, shift away from the components of a paper, and go to writing style and word usage.
        When you are writing information that will be read in English by non-native speakers, and particularly, when authors themselves are not native English speakers like us, these approaches can be helpful.  You may use “minimum word strategy” and use Controlled English and Global English. Both Controlled English and Global English impose some restrictions on writing style and terminology. And the Controlled English is more restrictive than Global English.  We will not go in details today, because these approaches are not very much emphasized in ACS style.
        Here are some tips for us in technical writing: It is better to start with simple declarative sentences; Write in your own style, but keep in mind that the scientific writing is not literary writing, because a scientific writing requires the precise and the unambiguous.
        In the following part of the class today, I will provide some examples in terms of writing style and word usage. Before doing that, let’s have some advice from the authorities in scientific writing. Here presented an advice from Maeve O’Connor: “The best writing in science, as elsewhere, is simple, clear, precise, and vigorous. Decide what you want to say and say it as simply, informatively, and directly as possible.”
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11楼2007-10-28 01:15:59
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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)
11)
Choosing the correct word or phrase
Use appropriate verb tense
        Simple past tense is correct for stating what was done;
        Present tense is correct for statements of fact;
        Present and simple past tenses may both be correct for results, discussions and conclusions.
Use an affirmative sentence rather than a double negative.
Watch the placement of the word “only”. It has different meanings in different places in the sentence.
Be sure that the antecedents of this and that are clear.
Use the proper subordinating conjunctions. While and since have strong connotation of time. Do not use them when you mean although, because or whereas.
Use the more accurate terms “greater than” or “more than” rather than over or in excess of.
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12楼2007-10-28 01:21:49
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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)
12)
Words and Phrases to Avoid
        “Be brief” is the principle in the scientific writing. Cut the unnecessary words always.
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13楼2007-10-28 01:24:33
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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)
13)
Editorial Style
Next, I will present recommended stylistic and editorial conventions, mainly but not solely for ACS publications. The style recommended by ACS is, for the most part, taken from established authoritative sources, such as The Chicago Manual of Style, Words into Type, and the U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual.

Hyphenation
Let’s start with hyphenation.
1)        Prefixes
Most prefixes are not hyphenated. Do not hyphenate following prefixes when added to words that are not proper nouns.
However, hyphens are sometimes used when letters are doubled, or when more than one prefix is present.
2) Suffixes

Abbreviation
        An abbreviation is short form of a word; often the individual letters are pronounced.  In an acronyms, the letters always form a pronounceable word.  ACS is an abbreviation, while IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is an acronym.  If you check out the web site of ACS, you can find a list of ACS-recommended abbreviations.  Again, we will go through quickly for this part.
        If a very long name or term is repeated many times throughout a paper, an abbreviation is needed.  Place the abbreviation in parentheses following the spell-out form the first time it appears in the text.  If it is used in the abstract, define it in the abstract and again in the text.
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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)
14)
Gender-Neutral Language
        The U.S. government and many publishers have gone to great efforts encouraging the use of gender-neutral language in their publications.  Recent style guides and writing guides urge copy editors and writers to choose terms that do not reinforce outdated sex roles.  Gender-neutral language can be accurate and not necessary awkward.  1) Instead of “man”, use “people, human beings or human species”, depending on your meaning. 2) Instead of “manpower”, use “workforce, staff, workers, labor, crew, employees, or personnel”, depending on your meaning. 3) Instead of “manmade”, use “synthetic, artificial, built, manufactured and factory-made”. 4) Instead of “he” and “his”, change the construction to a plural form (they and theirs) or first person (we, us ours). 5) Instead of “wife”, use “family or spouse” where appropriate.
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15楼2007-10-28 01:30:21
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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)
15)


Numbers, mathematics and units of measure

Usually, the usage of style conventions for numerals and words are different for technical and non-technical material.  Let’s see some of examples.
1)        Use numerals with units of time or measure, and use a space between the numeral and the unit, except %, $, and angular degree, angular minutes and angular seconds.
2)        With items other than units of time or measure, use words for cardinal numbers less than 10, use numerals for 10 and above. Spell out ordinals “first” through “ninth”, use numerals for 10th and greater. But there are exceptions.
a.        Use all numbers in a series or range containing numbers 10 or great. For example, the 2nd and 10th samples.
b.        Use all numerals for numbers modifying nouns in parallel construction in the same sentence if one of the numbers is 10 or greater.
c.        For very large numbers used in a non-technical sense, use a combination of numerals and words.

1)        When a sentence starts with a specific quantity, spell out the number as well as the unit of measure. However, if possible, you may recast the sentence.
2)        Even when a sentence starts with a spell-out quantity, use numerals when appropriate in the rest of the sentence.
3)        Also, we need to use numerals for expressions used in a mathematical sense.
4)        When the suffix “fold” is used in a non-mathematical sense, spell out the accompanying number even if it is less than 10.

1)        In dates, use numerals without ordinal endings.
2)        Use numbers for decades, and form their plurals by adding an “s”. Do not use apostrophes in any position.
3)        Now let’s discuss on the numbers of long digits:
If a number is long, this means, it is with five or more digits, we need to consider the grouping of digits. You need to check the publication in which your manuscript will appear. Two styles are possible. In some publications, for numbers with five or more digits, the digits are grouped with commas. But in some publications, the digits are grouped with a thin space. Examples of both cases are shown here. Keep in mind, that numbers of four digits are not necessary to be grouped.
There are also exceptions. U.S. monetary values are always written with commas, never with a thin space. Similar to this, U.S. patent numbers are always written with commas. Another exception is page number in reference citation, and they are always printed solid without commas, without a thin space.
Certainly, there are many other rules in the usage and style of numbers and units. The best thing is to read the publication and get the information you need.
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16楼2007-10-28 01:33:21
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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)
16)
Usage and Style for Symbols
Now let’s go the section of the usage and style for symbols. We’ll just go quickly.
1)        Define all symbols for mathematical constants, variables, and unknown quantities the first time you use in the text. If you use them in the abstract, define them there and then again at their first appearance in text. But, do not define standard mathematical constants such as ‘pai’.
2)        Form the plurals of mathematical symbols by adding an apostrophe and s if you can not use a word such as values or levels.
3)        Do not use an equal sign as an abbreviation for the word “is” or “equals” in text.
4)        Do not use a plus sign as an abbreviation for the word “and”.
These are only some examples for the general rules. This next slide gives more respects in the usage and styles for symbols which you need to pay attention to when you write a paper. You need to pay attention to which type of word should be used: italic type, roman type, or boldface type? Also, you need to learn correct use of Greek letters, spacing, enclosing marks, subscripts and superscripts, abbreviation and symbols, equation, and special notation.
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17楼2007-10-28 01:35:36
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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)
17)
References
        In the following part, I will present style conventions for citing reference. In ACS publications, you may cite references in three ways.
        1) By superscript numbers. The superscript numbers appear outside the punctuation if the citation applies to a whole sentence or a clause;
2) By italic numbers on the line and in parentheses inside the punctuation;
3) By author name and year of publication in parentheses inside the punctuation.
  In ACS books, all three of these systems are used, depending on the subject and series. Also, in all three systems, the author’s name may be made part of the sentence.
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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)
18)
Style for Reference Lists

Books:
        When a book has authors and no editors, it means either that the entire book was written by one author or that two or more authors collaborated on the entire book.

        When a book has editors, it means that different authors wrote various parts of the book independently of each other. The word ‘In” before the book title indicates that the authors mentioned wrote a part of the book, not the entire book.
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19楼2007-10-28 01:39:57
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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)
19)
Conventions in Chemistry
        Conventions in Chemistry are related to the use of typefaces (roman, italic, and bold), Greek letters, superscript and subscripts, and special symbols that are commonly used in chemistry.
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