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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)

[交流] 2-Hour Lecture on Scientific Writing

by Dr R Q Zheng


Peking University

November 2002

Today, I am going to talk about Scientific Writing, as Gaoyuan and I discussed earlier.  However, Scientific Writing is such a big issue, that we certainly can not finish it within one or two classes, or even within a semester.  Upon my understanding, almost every university in the United States will offer courses related to technical writings during undergraduate education.  Although I myself received my Ph.D. degree in America, I had not taken such classes.  So what I am going to teach today is mostly based on my experience in writing papers and dissertation, and on some of my readings.  I will only introduce some basic ideas, give you some simple examples, and provide a general guide.  Well, I wish after this time, you would start to pay attention to writing once you get chance to read, to write or even to listen to.

I know, many of you will continue your education after the 4-years’ undergraduate life.  Students who want to get a master or Ph.D. degree, for example, at Peking University will be required to publish your research results.  Even if this is not the case, you can not avoid writing in your future work.  Because you are studying chemistry, today I will mostly introduce ACS style in technical writing, where ACS is the abbreviation of American Chemical Society.
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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)
15)


Numbers, mathematics and units of measure

Usually, the usage of style conventions for numerals and words are different for technical and non-technical material.  Let’s see some of examples.
1)        Use numerals with units of time or measure, and use a space between the numeral and the unit, except %, $, and angular degree, angular minutes and angular seconds.
2)        With items other than units of time or measure, use words for cardinal numbers less than 10, use numerals for 10 and above. Spell out ordinals “first” through “ninth”, use numerals for 10th and greater. But there are exceptions.
a.        Use all numbers in a series or range containing numbers 10 or great. For example, the 2nd and 10th samples.
b.        Use all numerals for numbers modifying nouns in parallel construction in the same sentence if one of the numbers is 10 or greater.
c.        For very large numbers used in a non-technical sense, use a combination of numerals and words.

1)        When a sentence starts with a specific quantity, spell out the number as well as the unit of measure. However, if possible, you may recast the sentence.
2)        Even when a sentence starts with a spell-out quantity, use numerals when appropriate in the rest of the sentence.
3)        Also, we need to use numerals for expressions used in a mathematical sense.
4)        When the suffix “fold” is used in a non-mathematical sense, spell out the accompanying number even if it is less than 10.

1)        In dates, use numerals without ordinal endings.
2)        Use numbers for decades, and form their plurals by adding an “s”. Do not use apostrophes in any position.
3)        Now let’s discuss on the numbers of long digits:
If a number is long, this means, it is with five or more digits, we need to consider the grouping of digits. You need to check the publication in which your manuscript will appear. Two styles are possible. In some publications, for numbers with five or more digits, the digits are grouped with commas. But in some publications, the digits are grouped with a thin space. Examples of both cases are shown here. Keep in mind, that numbers of four digits are not necessary to be grouped.
There are also exceptions. U.S. monetary values are always written with commas, never with a thin space. Similar to this, U.S. patent numbers are always written with commas. Another exception is page number in reference citation, and they are always printed solid without commas, without a thin space.
Certainly, there are many other rules in the usage and style of numbers and units. The best thing is to read the publication and get the information you need.
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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)
1)
Concerning the writing of a scientific paper, specific guideline for text length, preparation of figures and tables, and instructions on how to submit your paper differ from journal to journal and publisher to publisher. For ACS journals and special publications, read the Guide, Notes, Notices, or Instructions for Authors that appear in each publication’s first issue of the year and on the World Wide Web at http://pubs.acs.org.

Writing a Scientific Paper
Guide, Notes, Notices, or Instructions for Authors
http://pubs.acs.org
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2)
Although there is no fixed set of “writing rules” to be followed like a cook book recipe or an experimental procedure, some guidelines can be helpful. Let’s start by answering some questions:
What is the function or purpose of this paper?
----Are you describing original research results?
----Are you reviewing the literature?
----Something else?

        How is your work different from that described in other reports on the same subject? Unless you are writing a review, be sure that your paper will make an original contribution. Some publishers, including ACS, do not publish previously published material.

        What is the best place for this paper to be published?
        Who is the audience?

Answering these questions will clarify your goals and thus make it easier for you to write the paper.
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3)
Standard Format
        Here shows an example of standard format when you organize your material into a paper.  In the section of Introduction or Background, you may introduce why you choose your research topic, what have been done by others in this field; then comes with experimental details or theoretical basis, where you introduce how to do your experiments or how to calculate in your study; followed by results and discussion, which are the main body of the paper; Finally, go to conclusions.

This format has become standard because it is suitable for most reports of original research.  It is basically logical, and it is easy to use.  More importantly, it parallels the scientific method of deductive reasoning: define the problem, create a hypothesis, devise an experiment to test the hypothesis, conduct the experiment, and draw conclusions.  Furthermore, this format enables readers to understand quickly what is being presented and to find scientific information easily.
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