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cosn

至尊木虫 (著名写手)

[交流] 2-Hour Lecture on Scientific Writing

by Dr R Q Zheng


Peking University

November 2002

Today, I am going to talk about Scientific Writing, as Gaoyuan and I discussed earlier.  However, Scientific Writing is such a big issue, that we certainly can not finish it within one or two classes, or even within a semester.  Upon my understanding, almost every university in the United States will offer courses related to technical writings during undergraduate education.  Although I myself received my Ph.D. degree in America, I had not taken such classes.  So what I am going to teach today is mostly based on my experience in writing papers and dissertation, and on some of my readings.  I will only introduce some basic ideas, give you some simple examples, and provide a general guide.  Well, I wish after this time, you would start to pay attention to writing once you get chance to read, to write or even to listen to.

I know, many of you will continue your education after the 4-years’ undergraduate life.  Students who want to get a master or Ph.D. degree, for example, at Peking University will be required to publish your research results.  Even if this is not the case, you can not avoid writing in your future work.  Because you are studying chemistry, today I will mostly introduce ACS style in technical writing, where ACS is the abbreviation of American Chemical Society.
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至尊木虫 (著名写手)
11)
Choosing the correct word or phrase
Use appropriate verb tense
        Simple past tense is correct for stating what was done;
        Present tense is correct for statements of fact;
        Present and simple past tenses may both be correct for results, discussions and conclusions.
Use an affirmative sentence rather than a double negative.
Watch the placement of the word “only”. It has different meanings in different places in the sentence.
Be sure that the antecedents of this and that are clear.
Use the proper subordinating conjunctions. While and since have strong connotation of time. Do not use them when you mean although, because or whereas.
Use the more accurate terms “greater than” or “more than” rather than over or in excess of.
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至尊木虫 (著名写手)
1)
Concerning the writing of a scientific paper, specific guideline for text length, preparation of figures and tables, and instructions on how to submit your paper differ from journal to journal and publisher to publisher. For ACS journals and special publications, read the Guide, Notes, Notices, or Instructions for Authors that appear in each publication’s first issue of the year and on the World Wide Web at http://pubs.acs.org.

Writing a Scientific Paper
Guide, Notes, Notices, or Instructions for Authors
http://pubs.acs.org
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2)
Although there is no fixed set of “writing rules” to be followed like a cook book recipe or an experimental procedure, some guidelines can be helpful. Let’s start by answering some questions:
What is the function or purpose of this paper?
----Are you describing original research results?
----Are you reviewing the literature?
----Something else?

        How is your work different from that described in other reports on the same subject? Unless you are writing a review, be sure that your paper will make an original contribution. Some publishers, including ACS, do not publish previously published material.

        What is the best place for this paper to be published?
        Who is the audience?

Answering these questions will clarify your goals and thus make it easier for you to write the paper.
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至尊木虫 (著名写手)
3)
Standard Format
        Here shows an example of standard format when you organize your material into a paper.  In the section of Introduction or Background, you may introduce why you choose your research topic, what have been done by others in this field; then comes with experimental details or theoretical basis, where you introduce how to do your experiments or how to calculate in your study; followed by results and discussion, which are the main body of the paper; Finally, go to conclusions.

This format has become standard because it is suitable for most reports of original research.  It is basically logical, and it is easy to use.  More importantly, it parallels the scientific method of deductive reasoning: define the problem, create a hypothesis, devise an experiment to test the hypothesis, conduct the experiment, and draw conclusions.  Furthermore, this format enables readers to understand quickly what is being presented and to find scientific information easily.
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