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Introduction to Thermoelectricity
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 Contents List of Symbols .....................................................................xiii 1 The Thermoelectric and Related Effects .................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................. 1 1.2 Relations Between the Thermoelectric Coefficients .................. 3 1.3 Effects in a Magnetic Field............................................. 5 References ....................................................................... 6 2 Theory of Thermoelectric Refrigeration and Generation................. 7 2.1 The Transport Effects .................................................. 7 2.2 Thermoelectric Refrigerators and Heat Pumps........................ 8 2.3 Thermoelectric Generators ............................................. 13 2.4 Multi-Stage Devices .................................................... 15 2.5 Application of the Thermomagnetic Effects .......................... 17 References ....................................................................... 21 3 Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors ............... 23 3.1 Transport by Electrons ................................................. 23 3.2 Metals and Semiconductors ............................................ 29 3.3 Bipolar Effects .......................................................... 34 3.4 Phonon Conduction..................................................... 36 3.5 Phonon Drag ............................................................ 39 References ....................................................................... 41 4 Optimisation and Selection of Semiconductor Thermoelements ......... 43 4.1 Power Factor ............................................................ 43 4.2 The Materials Parameter, ˇ ............................................ 44 4.3 Mobility and Effective Mass ........................................... 46 4.4 The Lattice Thermal Conductivity in Pure Crystals .................. 47 4.5 The Effect of Temperature ............................................. 50 4.6 The Importance of the Energy Gap .................................... 51 4.7 Non-Parabolic Bands ................................................... 53 x Contents 4.8 ThermomagneticMaterials............................................. 55 4.9 Superconductors as Passive Thermoelements ......................... 60 References ....................................................................... 61 5 Minimising the Thermal Conductivity ...................................... 63 5.1 Semiconductor Solid Solutions ........................................ 63 5.2 Phonon Scattering by Point Defects ................................... 64 5.3 Boundary Scattering .................................................... 70 5.4 Scattering of Electrons and Phonons .................................. 72 5.5 Fine-Grained Material with Large Unit Cells ......................... 74 5.6 Phonon-Glass Electron-Crystal ........................................ 76 References ....................................................................... 78 6 The Improvement of a Specific Material – Bismuth Telluride............ 79 6.1 Pure Bismuth Telluride ................................................. 79 6.2 Band Structure of Bismuth Telluride .................................. 82 6.3 Diffusion in Bismuth Telluride......................................... 86 6.4 Solid Solutions Based on Bismuth Telluride .......................... 87 6.5 Practical Developments ................................................ 90 6.6 Extension of the Temperature Range .................................. 93 6.7 Recent Advances ....................................................... 96 References ....................................................................... 97 7 Methods for the Production of Materials ................................... 99 7.1 General Principles ...................................................... 99 7.2 Growth From the Melt ..................................................100 7.3 Sintering ................................................................105 7.4 Thick and Thin films ...................................................109 References .......................................................................110 8 Measurement Techniques .....................................................113 8.1 General Considerations.................................................113 8.2 Electrical Conductivity .................................................114 8.3 Seebeck Coefficient ....................................................118 8.4 Thermal Conductivity ..................................................121 8.5 Thermal Diffusivity.....................................................126 8.6 The Figure of Merit .....................................................128 8.7 ThermomagneticMeasurements .......................................135 References .......................................................................138 9 Review of ThermoelectricMaterials ........................................139 9.1 Bismuth and Bismuth–Antimony ......................................139 9.2 Lead Telluride and Related Compounds...............................148 9.3 Silicon–Germanium Alloys ............................................151 9.4 Skutterudites and Clathrates ...........................................154 9.4.1 Skutterudites ....................................................154 9.4.2 Clathrates .......................................................156 9.5 Oxides ...................................................................159 9.6 Other ThermoelectricMaterials........................................160 9.6.1 Zinc Antimonide ...............................................160 9.6.2 Half-Heusler Compounds ......................................161 9.6.3 Metal Silicides ..................................................162 9.6.4 Boron Carbide ..................................................163 References .......................................................................164 10 Thermoelectric Modules and Their Application ...........................167 10.1 The Modular Concept ..................................................167 10.2 Heat Transfer Problems ................................................171 10.3 Electrical Contact Resistance ..........................................174 10.4 Applications of the Peltier Effect ......................................176 10.5 Transient Cooling.......................................................179 10.6 Seebeck Devices ........................................................182 References .......................................................................188 11 Transverse Devices ............................................................191 11.1 Features of Transverse Coolers and Generators .......................191 11.2 Synthetic Transverse Thermoelements ................................192 11.3 Materials for Transverse Thermoelements ............................195 11.4 Alternative Configurations .............................................200 References .......................................................................201 12 Properties of NanostructuredMaterials ....................................203 12.1 Theory of Nanostructures ..............................................203 12.2 Thermal Conduction in Low-DimensionalMaterials .................208 12.3 Observations on Nanostructures .......................................213 12.4 Preparation of Nanostructures .........................................216 References .......................................................................219 13 Thermionic Energy Conversion..............................................221 13.1 Vacuum Thermoelements ..............................................221 13.2 Thermionic Emission in Solids ........................................228 References .......................................................................233 Bibliography ........................................................................235 Index .................................................................................237 Index of Elements, Compounds and Alloys .....................................241补充信息： 出版社：Springer Springer Series in Material Science ISSN 0933-033X ISBN 978-3-642-00715-6 e-ISBN 978-3-642-00716-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-00716-3 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009929170 页数：250页 [ Last edited by 穿越千年 on 2015-12-2 at 02:48 ] |
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